Responsibility of Employers for Acts of Employees

Another employee of your paper mill, Hotspur, steals a shipment of wood pulp for your company to impress you with initiative to secure new resources for free. Unfortunately, he runs down a pedestrian crossing properly in the crosswalk on his way back to your factory, injuring her. If the pedestrian sues your company can there be a recovery for the injury? Discuss your answer. The employee who stole the shipment will cause the company to be responsible for the recovery for the injury. I believe that this is a case of the doctrine of respondeat superior.This is Latin for â€Å"let the master respond†. The employee is an agent of the company therefore the employer is responsible for their actions. Even though the employer had no idea of knowing what the agent was going to do, the company is still liable for his/her actions. As noted in the text, the following example was given, â€Å"If a truck driver, the employee of a delivery firm, negligently runs a red light and injures a p edestrian, the owner of the truck is liable for the injury† (Hallowell & Miller, 2012).In addition, the employee could be terminated because of his/her actions while being employed as an agent. The employee could be terminated because an injury or possible death occurred that was not what the agent was contracted to do. The employee could also be prosecuted because the wood pulp was stolen. Even though it was an effort to impress the company it is still punishable by law because the goods were stolen, not free.

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Coordinate Algebra Review Test 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____1. Which equation represents the relationship â€Å"3 more than a number is 7? † a. | | b. | | c. | | d. | | ____2. A parking lot holds 42 cars. There are 26 cars in the lot already. Which inequality can be solved to show all the numbers of cars c that can still park in the lot? a. | | c. | | b. | | d. | | ____3. Leroy works part time for a moving company. One day he had to move 34 boxes from a truck to inside a house.After moving some boxes, he took a break and told his boss that he has only 15 more boxes to move. Which equation can be solved to find how many boxes Leroy moved before his break? a. | | c. | | b. | | d. | | ____4. A rectangle with an area of has a length that is 4 times the width. What is the width? (Round your answer to the nearest tenth. ) a. | 5. 6 cm| c. | 22. 3 cm| b. | 11. 1 cm| d. | 44. 5 cm| ____5. The area of the rectangle shown is more than 72 square inches. Which inequality can be used to find x? a. | | b. | | c. | | d. | | ____6.The maximum capacity of a theater is 471 people. So far, 254 people are seated in the theater. Which inequality can be solved to show the number of people p that can still enter the theater? a. | | c. | | b. | | d. | | ____7. A total of d dollars was donated to 4 charities. Each charity received $375. Which equation can be solved to find the total amount of money donated? a. | | c. | | b. | | d. | | Short Answer 1. Citizens less than 18 years old are not allowed to vote. Define a variable and write an inequality for the ages of citizens who are not allowed to vote.

Essay About Smart-Phones Industry Essay

Question 1 According to the task, I select the smart-phones industry as an example to figure out my own opinion. The marketing environment always consists of particular elements within a business’s external competitive environment and operating environment which is related to the demands of one product’s target consumer, that is also known as the target market member. The operating environment includes investors, employees, customers, creditors, and the marketing environment, and how to use a business and its obtained resources. The elements beyond the scope of the company’s control is a company’s remote environment composed of . Elements about the remote-environment incorporate current and expected economic, social, technical and political factors. The industry environment, which describes the situations of businesses supplying a similar kind of product or service, is also called the competitive environment. Analyzing the remote business environment is doing good at helping business people understand the innate character and tendency of the nowaday conditions. Remote analysis tells hidden issues and predicts directions. Competitive or industry analysis lends a hand for business managers knowing how can they make their outputs diverse and better than their competitors’. Operational analysis provides people an wide profile about the company. The operational profile benefits analysts in learning which business strategies are efficacious and after all which strategies may be needed to be optimized or abolished. The macro environment involves the external factors which can totally influence a business or industry. However, these factors are not often in the control or the management ability that a company equipped with. Factors typically also include economic, demographic and social, political, technological, and legal forces in business. Business managers as well as the owners often spend a lot of time and efforts to evaluate the worldwide economic environment to finally make a determination about the number and the effectiveness of all these factors. Economic factors are generally comprised of supply and demand, the actual number of competitors in this given market, availability of recently economic resources, and efficient manufacturing methods used by companies. All these factors influence this company’s output and latent profit margins while they are selling goods and services to their consumers. Free market economies obviously have more competition for the sake of that more individuals and businesses can benefit themselves through the raw materials, labor, and facilities in the market. Demographics and society refers to information which is about the buyers in this economic market. This information involves statistics on not only the consumer age, sex, race, religion, education, but also their household size, marital status, and also other similar information. Companies that use that information to create productions and marketing strategies in order to meet the demands of all the consumers in the designated macro environment. Whatever, this information interacts on general economic factors. Companies must have the ability to decide the consumer supply and need by assessing consumer benefits. Political forces generally indicate that the government agencies or apartments and policies must be responsible for this particular nation’s economy. Policies may involve business taxes, interest rate as well as the availability of currency. Otherwise, companies regular make a business decision that is based on the government involvement within a set business industry. Creating business distributions in these regions sometimes can reduce one company’s incomes and make it adapt to more regulations and laws, which also rises operating costs. Technological changes these recent decades have changed the method companies do trades in the very macro environment. Websites, network station, software based on Internet, and the fulfillment centers permit companies to put their goods and services in multiple and international economic markets. Strategies and performance reviews can favor owners as well as the managers to use the macro environment elements to product a few competitive advantages for their subsidiary companies. Recognition of strategic groups is the crucial side for industry itself analysis. A strategic group is comprised of firms in this industry which is following almost the same strategies that aimed at the same target market groups. Marketing environments are related to the stage which the product stand on in the whole business marketing life cycle. The life-cycle marketing environment, thus, the four marketing life-cycle stages incorporated introduction, growth, maturity or decline. New products emerge on stage Introductory which is often described by an invention or an original service. Environments in the growth stage are with high competition, that means there are many firms attempting to divide shares of the similar target market. When it comes to the maturity stage, sales are growing slowly since most buyers who buy this kind product are those people who have already bought the product before. Sales slow to a halt in the decline stage. However, there may be some types would not go through every stage in this marketing life cycle. Marketing environments could also be depictured obviously of no concern of the marketing life cycle. None market leaders exist in Fragmented marketing environments. And this kind environment consisted of plenty of relatively small firms. The global marketing environment is the station for worldwide selling products businesses. Smart phone companies are illustrations of businesses which connected close with this free global marketing environment. Question 2 Since I am one of Samsung’s loyal customers, let’s take Samsung LTD as an individual firm within the cellphone industry. Samsung is a famous company selling smart phones all around the world. When we go back to see the last ten years, the rapid development of the mobile technology is an very outstanding phenomenon which really forever changed nowadays society we live in. In spite of the challenges that the current mobile industry environment brings, mobile future buyers growth are continuing without stopping with the emergency of markets to lead the way. However, the mobile industry is facing with a good many key issues, the economic downturn as well as the saturation of the spectrum concerns included. Before going next, we must say something about marketing assets. It can fall into four categories as the following: Internal or marketing support assets is the first sort. For instance, cost advantages emerge when Samsung try many ways to save its cost; while, on the other hand, information systems together with market intelligence is also of consequence; moreover, Samsung do business bases on the feeling of their existing customer; technological skills is irreplaceable in today’s mobile industry. There are many other aspects in this professional realm. The next is called the Alliance-based assets which can be described by the following questions: do the company have a market access to entry the big market? How to access to this market? And what is their management skills? How to share technology and so on. Supply chain assets is another category. In this part, Samsung pays enough attention to distribution network and the relationships between workers and buyers; they deal wel l with the pockets of strength; they ensure the delivery lead times and security of supply which is hard to come by. The last one is Customer-based and reputation assets. Relationships between Samsung supplier and customers is good. Samsung has great company name as well as good reputation; nowadays Samsung really have the smart phone market’s domination and it can not get without superior products and the after-sale services. In order to develope Samsung’s marketing capabilities which refers to its ability to perform their fixed marketing-mix activities this firm must marshal all kinds of resources they have and then deliver the value to customer. Fortunately, Samsung did this, too. We can see advertising of Samsung’s product wherever we go, such as GALAXY S4. Resources portfolios are related to the project that organizations is described as collections of resources, assets, and capabilities. The crucial dimensions of resources portfolios are the significance of resources when it comes to create values for customers together with resource advantage relative to other smart phone producer, namely, competitors. What is the competitive advantage of Samsung? First, they save costs as possible compared to competitors based on the large-scale production or intensive production. Second, they have unique production and after service. Otherwise, Samsung has done good job in developing and exploiting all their resources. Since the emergency of Apple’s iPhone in phone market, most rival mobile manufacturers are spot in a hard ‘catch-up’ stage due to they fell behind after they did not find out how to use ‘touch screen’ technology through their cellphones’ production process. However, Samsung is a winner just like Apple. It exploited not only a unique system for Galaxy but also good screen-touch technology and applications. Around this rapidly developed world, the mobile industry is standing out. America is moving forward faraway but other countries keep banging away at their spectrum plans. The mobile industry, obviously, wants their governments to say something to clarified and regard their spectrum policies. Samsung start to research and develop spectrum since that more spectrum is needed whether they want many new opportunities to use mobile and wireless broadband technology to offer this society and the worldwide economy more help. With the number of mobile users are growing up day after day worldwide, the mobile industry is still put up with the declining Average Revenue Per User. The economic downturn, nevertheless, would not be the only element that driving down the ARPU; I believe that price wars involving in the increasingly competitive market and the trend for mobile users growth. Total cellphone sales and the mobile phone revenues were also decreasing in early years after the strong financial crisis. There is also evidence showing that the whole sales of smart phones are mounting while the handset sales totally being declining. Since Nokia has been losing its hegemony in market shares in the recent times. In spite of only this recent two or three years in the mobile market, Samsung has also become very very popular. Question 3 Sellers have three choices when they come in a market. Mass marketing is decided by a mass-produce mode and mass divide one product into pieces and try to attract each types of consumers. Target marketing is the decision to distinguish the different groups which make up a market to develop corresponding products and marketing mixes for each target market. Sellers in the last decade are continuing moving away from the mass marketing and they are moving towards their established target marketing since the latter is more helpful in cramping out market opportunities and developing successful product marketing mixes. Market segmentation is the procedure of dividing and measuring distinct groups of customers or potential buyers finally into subgroups in view of the same needs or preferences. Competitive positioning pay attention on how consumers consider about the sundry providing on the mobile market contrast with the other mobile producers. Not only the competitive positioning but the market segmentation must be formulated in this way so that the demand for consumers are fulled in ways which are better than competitors. Talking about so much, the definition of market positioning is not told. It is a sure process about formulating competitive positioning for each kind of product and the detailed mix of the product in marketing. The firm should be quite sure about their plan for how to introduce the function and advantage of the product to all these the consumers. How Samsung’s consumers think about it on significate attributes and decide the product’s position. That is to say, a company’s positioning relates to Samsung finding the appropriate ‘location’ among a group of buyers as well as their market segment is good so that they could d evelop a new product or provide better service in a customer desired way. While we define market segmentation as the process of placing the buyers in our target product-market and then divide them into multiple sub-groups for the members in every segmentation showing similar respond to a special positioning strategy. Market segmentation bases on the real information but not the marketers’ intuition. Obviously, Samsung catches the value of the procedure of market segmentation. They find out that customers are not all the same and other different products may probably take the fancy of buyers on multiform stages through their lifetimes. Considering about the mobile industry, for the sake of an illustration of this conception, Samsung practices what one preaches. The segmentation procedure refers to separating the big market into different groups of customers who might require separate products or marketing mixes, recognised that all buyers have unique needs and wants. It is generally possible in buyer markets to ensure comparatively homogeneous parts or segmentation of the whole mobile market rely on shared preferences, views, or actions that separate them from the others in the smart phone market. Diverse products and separate mixes may be needed in these segments, and one-to-one marketing approach segment is a decisive step in this contemporary. Generally speaking, B2B or B2C mode are used bu Samsung for a long time and its markets can be divided into parts using geographical and demographic descriptors, while diverse forms of behavioral descriptors and psychographics. Demographic descriptors include age like how old their customers are, gender which means female or male, household life cycle, income about their benefit, their occupation, their education degree, and race. Behavioral descriptors contain a plentiful collection of segment bases that benefits sought, behaviour about purchasing, usage about this kind of product, loyalty to distinct brand, their attitudes towards product and relationship seeking characteristics are included. Psychographic descriptors include personality and lifestyle, Samsung research every class for their buyers to gain more. References Hooley, G., Piercy, N., & Nicolaud, B. (2012). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning (5th ed.). New York: FT Prentice Hall. Oviatt, B. and McDougall, P. (1994), Toward a theory of international new ventures, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 25 No. 1, p. 45-64. Knight, G., Koed Madsen, T., Servais, P. 2004. An inquiry into born-global firms in Europe and the USA. International Marketing Review, 21/6, p645-665 Gleason, K., Madura, J., Wiggenhorn, J. 2006. Operating characteristics, risk and performance of born-global firms. International Journal of Managerial Finance. 2/2, p96-120 Lee, Li, Gongming, Qian, Zhengming, Qian. 2012. Early internationalization of small high tech ‘born-globals’. Strategic Marketing Review. 29/5. p536-561. Johanson, Jan and Jan-Erik VAHLNE. 1990. The Mechanism of Internationalization. International Marketing Review, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 11-24. Baird, Inga S. and ali. 1994. The Choice of International Strategies by Small Businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 48-59. Forrest, Janet E. 1990. Strategic Alliances and the Small Technology-Based Firm. Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 37-45. Larson, A. 1991. Partner Network : Leveraging External Ties to Improve Entrepreneurial Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 173-188. Doukas, J. and Lang, L. 2003. Foreign direct investment, diversification and firm performance, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 34, p. 153-72. Agmon, T. and Lessard, D.R. 1977. Investor recognition of corporate international diversification†, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 32 No. 4, p. 1049. Knight, G. and Cavusgil, S. 2004. Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 35, p. 124-41.

Nathaniel Hawthorne Young Goodman Brown and The Minister's Black Veil Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne Young Goodman Brown and The Minister's Black Veil - Essay Example Symbolism is the most important in the story because it is the one through which the author is able to impress the essence of his story upon the reader. Nathaniel Hawthorne used several symbols in Young Goodman Brown and The Minister’s Black Veil to describe acts, subjects and persons in the two plays and the most prominent symbols used shall be discussed in this paper. In Young Goodman Brown, the devil’s staff that was surrounded by a sculpted serpent was symbolic of the serpent in the book of Genesis. The serpent was used to symbolize an evil demon. The devil told Goodman Brown that the staff would help him to travel faster and this is quite symbolic to the serpent in the bible that told Eve that eating the forbidden fruit would make her wiser. This further corroborates the argument that the devil’s staff is symbolic to the serpent in the book of Genesis. However, Goodman Brown followed the instruction of the devil and was punished for being a weakling and losi ng his innocence and this is also synonymous to the punishment that was meted on Adam and Eve for following the counsel of the serpent. It should also be noted that just like Eve’s curiosity made her eat the forbidden fruit, it was Goodman Brown’s curiosity that influenced his decision to go into the forest. Another symbol that was used in Young Goodman Brown is the pink ribbon that was used by Faith. Faith’s pink ribbon is symbolic of her purity and this can be seen if one considers the fact the color, ‘pink’ embodies purity and gaiety.

Competition Between Political Parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competition Between Political Parties - Essay Example It is a group comprising of numerous individuals striving for a common cause but all supports the set of common governmental goals. It may be 2 or 3 or many party system. However in a party, people are the representatives always desiring to create equality and fraternity in a country to maintain peace and order. But, in the most imperative thing that need to be maintained is the rules and regulations of the government like: equal speaking power of the citizens, voting rights, rights of all basic needs etc (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 4). Apart from political party, another type of group that also works for the benefit of general public is pressure groups. In recent age, maximum extent of the citizens do not try to engage in politics through voting and so without joining the political parties, they become politically active through their active membership in groups, organizations and associations of varied kinds. These type of parties are also known as pressure groups (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 5). The parties or groups are some sort of permanent organizations that help in contesting elections with the aim to acquire the crucial positions in the government of the state. These small fractions of individuals or groups work for a common cause keeping at par with the rules and regulations of the state. Thus, these parties act as a device to highlight the desire or interest of the citizens among the higher authorities of the state or country (Hofmeister & Grabow, 2011, p. 6).

The Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Media - Research Paper Example In as much as the media stands a vital role in the development of the social order, its fairness in terms of reporting remains questionable. Unfairness issue in the media has been connected to two main reasons. Firstly, it entails the instances of extortion of journalists who reveal the unpleasant facts regarding such vices like; human rights catastrophes, poverty, and environmental abuse. Secondly, the aspect of unfairness along such issues as the racial divide in the mainstream media has led to critics to inquire whether fairness does exist when it comes to reporting by the media. One agency that has always been much concerned about fair reporting is the Fair and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) that was founded in the year 1986 in the US(Forte, 2011). According to the agency, most reporters are involved in partisan statements that reveal half-truths whenever they are reporting in either broadcast or print. The trend is very common more especially in social matters such as environmenta l abuse, human rights abuse and elections. Sociologists refer to mass media as mediated culture whereby, media reflects and at the same time creates the culture(Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting, 2002). Individuals and communities are always bombarded with information from a multitude of media sources. The messages not only promote goods and services, but human being attitudes, moods, and a sense of whatever is important or not important. The modern level of mass media saturation has not always been in existence. In the 1960s and 1970, for example, television primarily consisted of three networks that included public broadcasting and very few local independent broadcasting stations. What is the role of mass media? Media executives, Legislatures, sociologists and local school officials have all discussed this type of controversial question. In as much as ideas vary as to the type and extent of influence the media stands, all parties consent that media

Article Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Summary - Research Paper Example Using prayer as an intervention within sessions requires a delicate awareness of an individual client on the part of the counselor. Likewise, with a secular counselor, there is a potential for weakness in the intervention that might render it ineffective or, even worse, harmful for the individual client. With these considerations in mind, the authors consider ethical mandates, articulate concerns, and make recommendations with respect to how to safeguard faith-based interventions from becoming useless or harmful and how to utilize those methods effectively. The authors begin their consideration with a brief description of the prevalence of prayer and spirituality within the counseling community of the United States. Among the highlights of these considerations is the fact that a vast majority of Christian-based counseling agencies (76 percent to 100 percent) believe that prayer is an appropriate intervention for clients, in contrast to 11 percent of secular agencies believing that pr ayer is appropriate for clients. Within the marriage and family counseling community, a vast majority (95 percent) believe that spiritual and mental health is related. However, only a slight majority (62 percent) actually utilized the spiritual dimension in their practice. This differential might be due to a lack of education on how to successfully integrate the two dimensions and the relative novelty of considering spirituality in a counseling practice (p. 126). Bearing in mind how widespread the use of faith-based interventions is in clinical practice, particularly with Christian-based counselors, the authors move on to consider the ethical responsibilities of counselors. These responsibilities ultimately reduce to promoting â€Å"the welfare of clients† and avoiding â€Å"harming their clients† (p. 127). To promote client welfare and avoid harm, the authors recommend that all counselors take an initial assessment of clients to evaluate their spirituality, which invo lves asking directed questions. Next, the authors recommend determining whether using spirituality in the treatment could harm or benefit clients. For instance, clients with mental health problems â€Å"may act out their problems religiously† (p. 128). Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that an individual is religiously mature before proceeding with an intervention based on spirituality. Knowing when prayer could be helpful or harmful will reduce the risk of incorporating certain kinds of therapies, according to the authors. Although prayer with less developed clients might increase superficial faith through insecure prayer, prayer with more developed clients might facilitate growth and self-awareness. All of these steps require a high degree of training on the part of the counselor (p.131). Additionally, faith-based interventions require a great amount of multicultural sensitivity, especially with an increasingly diverse population. In addition to specifying that counselor s should promote the welfare and avoid harm to their clients, the ACA Code of Ethics also states that counselors should recognize diversity and embrace a cross-cultural approach, which refers to the identification of differences between individuals. Just like individual differences are crucial to deciding whether clients are spiritual mature enough for prayer in-session, counselors need to recognize and use vocabulary and imagery that is

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example This is mainly due to the extraordinary resilience of Disney during economic difficulties. During the last world recession towards the end of the last decade, Disney reported extraordinary profits for a company during such a tough economic time (chase & Tansik, 1983). In 1992 Disney opened up a new destination in Paris. This was after much analysis and lobbying behind the scenes on the location of the continental Europe branch. Two choices to be considered for the location were Spain and France (Cox, Blackstone & Schleier, 2003). After much analysis and consultation the Disney management decided to locate their new park in Paris France. Despite having unsuitable weather for a park such as a Disney, Paris had all the qualities of a promising market (Flynn, et. Al 1990). Paris was centrally placed in the European continent. This position made it easily accessible to many European citizens eager to experience Disney magic. However as it turned out the project almost watered down to obli vion from its opening and was still performing dismally as late as 2006 (Flynn, et. Al, 1995). Despite various administrative and structural changes in the company Paris Disney park is yet to pick up (Fuchsberg, 1992). This paper is going to look at operation management issues facing Disney, and ways in which through various theoretical explanations the operational problems can be dealt with. The Walt Disney Company founded in 1923 has been credited for its creativity, quality of services and customer oriented service, culminating to high levels of satisfaction in Disney’s clientele. It is this good legacy that prompted Disney to open up a new destination in Paris given the interest it evoked among Europeans (Goldrat, 1984; Gupta et al., 2000). Due to this, the company opened its Paris destination in 1992. Reports from different analysts and the media were highly optimistic that the breakthrough by Disney into the European market would be easy and fast. Policy of the existing Disney parks was projected to aid a lot in the venture (Goldratt, 1992; Goldratt, 1994). These factors and the overall goal of Disney of maximizing exposure and growth worldwide were projected to lead Disney through this period. Disney is also a unique family entertainment park since its services are enjoyable for people (Goldratt, 1997; Goldratt & Cox 1984). In Disney parks, different areas are themed around various areas which contain different attractions and rides which are not as scary as other rides in other parks making them acceptable to people of all ages (Goldratt et al 2000; Heizer & Render 2008). The first detrimental operational issue in Disney is the conformity of its basic setup, despite the huge regional difference in all its parks locations (Hackman & Wageman, 1995; Krajewski, 2007). All its parks from Florida to Tokyo are similar in their basic setup. The setup is basically based on American methods and style which may be alien to international customers. The comp any had opened a Tokyo Disneyland in 1982 which was a great success. The success was reinforced by huge appetite for American themes in Japan. As it would be seen in Europe, different markets portray different appetites for American inspired themes. Europeans were resentful and critical to the introduction of American culture on their continent (Meredith et al 1989). At the opening of Disney Euro the French government played a very big role. Porter’

Topic by yourself-ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Topic by yourself-ethics - Essay Example Cultural Relativism is, according to James Rachels, â€Å"a theory about the nature of morality†, that â€Å"challenges our ordinary belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth† (Rachels). Essentially, what is right and what is wrong is determined by tradition and culture, and each culturally-dictated standard of living should be viewed, understood, and judged within the context of that particular culture alone (Nussbaum 121). This way of viewing culturally-specific circumstances is a good deterrent for racism, religious extremism, sexism, and other forms of prejudice. We Westerners are and have been guilty of colonialism and ethnocentric thinking. With this in mind, majority of scholars and even undergraduates â€Å"are hesitant to make any negative judgment of a culture other than their own† (Nussbaum 121). ... ccurs in many countries in Africa where there is a ritualistic cutting of a part or the entire external female genitalia of girl as a rite of passage to adulthood. I agree with Nussbaum that the best argument for retaining this practice is FGM’s essentiality in ensuring â€Å"cultural continuity†. These operations make the community intact for it is a ritual that has been passed from generation to generation, and for a young lady, having undergone this ritual is a sign of being a part of the community. Cultural relativism would dictate that we should not be opposed to this ritual, because the society that practices it sees that it is the right thing to do for the greater good of not just the individual, or her husband, or their families, but for the benefit of the whole society as well. However, if you view this argument with rational thinking, practicing FGM does more harm to the society because the lives of their next generation women are at stake every time the proce dure is performed, and for a continent that relies on female labor for most of its agricultural endeavors, it is not to the society’s benefit if their women cannot do their jobs more efficiently because of chronic infection, pain and difficulty in walking, urination, and menstruation, due to FGM. What is more, the future of the society is at stake because FGM makes the rates of complications in child birth higher and the risk of the mother and infant dying during and after child birth greater. Though many modern philosophers and social scientists recognize that different cultures have different moral codes, many as well as I believe that there is such a thing as a â€Å"natural right†1, that which everything and anything that violates that â€Å"right† can be considered universally wrong (Harman 367).

Inclusive Education Essay Example for Free

Inclusive Education Essay The management of inclusion is a source of enormous challenge to many schools across the globe. Developed countries in particular are faced with the mounting challenge of ensuring that every child is educated up to adequate standards (Ainscow 1995). Similarly, families that have children with special needs are seeking institutions that can provide their children with the standard level of education received by other children. Educational Institutions are also in a similar boat, continually faced with the mounting challenge of accepting and responding to the diversity that each child brings to the classroom. While many definitions of inclusion are pervasive, it remains widely accepted that the notion of inclusion involves welcoming and encouraging diversity amongst all learners. Inclusive education can be viewed from different perspectives. Different educational settings and social communities have differing perceptions of what it means. Most literature however start with the general notion that education is a basic human right that forms the foundation of every just and fair society. However, the basic elements of its meaning can be categorized into four. Ainscow (2005) suggests the first element involves seeing inclusion as a process – a continuous process that analyzes and recommends improved ways of responding to diversity by accepting and learning from peoples’ differences. Every one’s difference is seen as an asset which can be used to ensure learning takes place under varied and flexible circumstances. Ainscow (2005) also refers to the second element of inclusion as identifying and removing barriers. The teachers or managers of the inclusion process should be actively involved in collecting, analyzing and managing information from diverse sources which can be applied to policy refinements and modifications. The third element is centered on enforcing active participation and goal achievement for each student. The fourth element highlighted by Ainscow (2005) is the need for teachers or those in charge of learning to place an increased emphasis on those who are at greater risk of being marginalized or who are less able to benefit from the current modes and aspects of learning. In summary, Ainscow (2005) suggests that the practices that are pervasive in most organizations today is a reflection of present culture and norms. Learners may be impeded from learning optimally under certain conditions due to over learned behaviour imposed by social institutions and their thinking patterns. Consequently, Ainscow (1999) suggests that the development of inclusive practices should focus on reforming the way actors think in order to be able to realize the full potential of inclusive education and make its practice more reinforced in schools across the world. Armstrong (2003) describes inclusion as a set of principles, values and practices that are executed to initiate a revolution of education systems and communities.   It seeks to challenge thinking that is conditioned to assume that certain pupils need to be dealt with in a particular way (Armstrong 2003). According to (CSIE 2010) Inclusive education has a long history but centers on the need for equality and human rights. It is based on a moral perspective that values and respects every person while welcoming diversity. Schools are becoming more open to people of different abilities, backgrounds, ethnic and cultural histories. Consequently, there’s an extensive need for schools to fend for different learners. According to CSIE (2010), inclusion in education has a large number of connotations and the basic ones include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The need for schools to value everyone including staff and students equally.  · The participation of all students in cultures and learning communities, while reducing barriers to their learning and the inclusion of students, even though categorized as having special educational needs  · Revamping school’s practices and policies so that they are responsive to the variety of students within the region  · Learning from attempts at inclusive education and implementing the changes more widely  · Acknowledging the basic right of every child to a fair education and recognizing that inclusion in education is paramount to inclusion in society.  · Emphasizing the role of schools in community development, sustaining relationships and adjusting the resources of the schools to support learning. According to CSIE (2010), the world is changing and stereotypical thinking needs to be nipped in the bud. Valuing some people over others is deemed unethical; people should not be prevented from participating in culture and curricula and neither should segregated schooling be used for children with special needs since it violates their right to education without any form of discrimination (Ainscow 1994). Academic achievements should not be the sole aim of schooling there is also the moral and personal development that every child should have a right to. Also, isolating schools and communities from each other deprives students of rich and multifaceted experiences that can enhance their learning. The right to an inclusive education is in Article 24 (Education) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (2006). Even though the idea of inclusive education is generally accepted, some schools have reservations to it and claim that they do not have the resources to cater for all categories of children. It is unclear whether this problem is persistent due to funding, personal reservations or a lack of resources. In addition, inclusive education can be seen as an educational practice that emphasizes that students who can learn normally, without any learning inhibitions, spend time with those who have special educational needs which may be of any form. This type of inclusion emphasizes the child’s right to participate while schools are also inclined to accept the child as they would any other normal child. This principle rejects the use of special, isolated classrooms and learning environments for students with disabilities. The social, civil and participatory rights of students are emphasized and form the heart of any inclusive education strategy. It is a collective form of education in which all types of children can sit and learn together and it proposes the need to emphasize diverse learning approaches to handling children with varying educations and academic limits. With inclusive education, children who were previously excluded may now spend time with other children, which would not have been possible earlier. The use of segregated schooling is however still pervasive and one must bear in mind that Inclusive education does not apply only to disabled children but to everyone (CSIE 2010). The Benefits of Inclusive Education There are a number of ways to analyze the benefits of inclusive education. This section will start off by examining the benefits to disabled children. There are many aspects to inclusive education that can benefit disabled children as well as the normal children. Children with special needs would have the chance to learn in the same environment as normal children; they are thus subjected to the same learning environment and resources which will on the long run, ensure that they also have the opportunity to learn at the same pace as the normal children. Inclusive education may also nip in the bud, future psychological problems that a child may have when they eventually become aware that they have special needs. Inclusive education helps them to mix with other children thereby reducing possible issues of inferiority complex that may arise in the future. With inclusive education, schools can become flexible to adapting to the needs of the children, and not the other way round. The differences between the students can also serve as a means of achieving diversity and variety – the educational facilities and teachers would then have to develop unique responses to deal with each child (Ainscow 1999). In terms of society, the benefits are multi-fold. Inclusive education can help in forming stronger links between schools and communities. This on the long run will lead to stronger societies, partnering, consolidation and the forging of self respect for every individual in the society.   For developing countries, the benefits are extensive. Education is one of the hallmarks of any progressive society and as such should not be taken lightly. Inclusive education would give every child the right to fair education and a chance of a bright future. Inclusive education should be central to the educational polcies of any country claiming to be democratic. When countries embrace this ideal, it promotes a culture of fairness, comraderie and may nip societal ills such as racism and discrimination in the bud.

Individual Psychology Theory of Adler

Individual Psychology Theory of Adler ALFRED ADLER AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction Biography Alfred Adler was born in February 7, 1870 in the suburbs of Vienna. He was the third child and second son of a Jewish grain merchant. During his childhood, Alfred made developed rickets which limited from walking. When he was five years he nearly died from pneumonia. During this age Alfred decided to become a doctor. He was an average student and preferred playing outdoors. He was popular, outgoing and active and was known for his efforts of outdoing his elder brother. Alfred received a degree in medicine from University of Vienna in the year 1895. During his college he was attached to socialist group of students among which he met his wife Rassia Timofeyewna Epstein a social activist and an intellectual from Russia and studied in Vienna. They married in the year 1897 and they finally had four children of which tow became psychiatrists. Alfred started his medical career as an apthamologist but soon changed general practice establishing his office in the lower class region of Vienna. His clients comprised of circus people (Bottome, 1998, p. 5). He changed his career to psychiatry and in the year 1907 he was invited in a Freuds group discussion. After writing papers on organic inferiority which was compatible to views of Freud, Alfred wrote the first paper on aggression instinct which was not approved by Freud. He wrote another paper on childrens feelings of inferiority which suggested that Freuds sexual ideas should be taken more metaphorically than literally. Adler was named the president of Viennese Analytic Society by Freud and a co-editor of newsletter of the organization; he did not stop his criticism. They organized a debate between Freuds and Adlers supporters leading to Adler having nine members of the organization resigning to form another organization of the Society for Free Psychoanalysis. This organization became the Society for Individual Psychology in the next year. During the First World War, Alfred served as a physician for the Austrian Army in the childrens hospital and on Russian front. He witnessed the f irst damage did by the war which changed his thought increasingly to the concept of social interest. Alfred felt that, humanity should survive and it had to change its ways. After the First World War, Adler was involved in different projects like clinics attached to schools of the nation and teachers training. In 1926, Alfred went to the United States to lecture and he finally accepted a visiting position at Long Island College of Medicine. Alder and his family left Vienna forever in 1934. Alfred died of heart attack during his series of lecturer at Aberdeen University on May 28, 1937 (Way, 1956, p. 25). The Theory Adler suggested a motivating force or a single drive behind all peoples experiences and behaviors. By the time his theory had gelled almost in mature form, Alfred named the motivating force striving for perfection. This is the peoples desire to fulfill their potentials, come closer and closer to their ideals. This is almost familiar to the more popular self-actualization of ideas. Ideal and perfection are words which are troublesome but they are positive goals. Should not people be striving for the ideal? In psychology, people are given instead a suggestion. Ideals and perfection are practically by definition and things which cannot be reached. Many people live very painful and very sad lives while trying to be perfect. Alfred sees a negative type of idealism as a pervasive of more positive understanding. Striving for perfection was not Adlers first phrase but he used it to refer to his single motivating force. Adlers earliest phrase was aggression drive referred to the reaction peo ple have when other drives like what they want to eat, sexual satisfaction, get things done, are frustrated and be loved. This can be better called assertiveness drive since people tend to think of aggression as negative and physical. It was the idea of Adler on aggression drive which caused disagreement between him and Freud (Way, 1992, p. 102). Freud was afraid that, this disagreement would detract them from the important position of sex drive in the psychoanalytic theory. Regardless of Freuds dislike on the idea, he introduced something alike later in his life known as the death instinct. Adler also used striving to overcome or compensation to refer to the basic motivation. Since all people have problems, inferiorities and short-comings, Adler felt in his earlier writings that peoples personalities can be accounted for in a way which would compensate or to overcome the problems. The idea still plays a significant role in Adlers theory. Adler used masculine protest after noting something pretty obvious on his culture in which boys were given more preference than girls. Boys desperately wanted to be though of be thought as aggressive, strong and in control. This argument was based on the notion that, men were somehow better than women. They thought that, men had the power and education which is basically the motivation and talent required to do better things which women cannot (Handlbauer, 1998, p. 95). Adler did not see the mens assertiveness and success as a result of instinctive dominance. According to him, there was a reflection of the fact that boys were encouraged to be assertive in life which discouraged girls. Both girls and boys start their life with protest. Many people misunderstood Adler meaning that men were more assertive which led to limit of the use of his phrase. Adler also used the phrase striving for superiority. Use of this phrase reflected the philosophical root of Adlers ideas. Later Adler used striving for superiority more to refer to the neurotic or unhealthy striving. Adler in his life tried to get the concept down to the psychological level. Jan Smuts influenced Adler an approach which is known as holism. Adler decided to call his approach to psychology as individual psychology. Individual literary meant un-divided. Rather than talking about personal personality, with a traditional sense on internal traits, dynamics, structures and so on, he preferred talk ing about style of life which refers to how one deals with how they live their life, interpersonal relations and how they deal with problems. According to Adler, â€Å"the style of life of a tree is the individuality of a tree expressing itself and molding itself in an environment. People realize a style when they view it against an environment background different from what they expect since each tree has its mechanical pattern to respond to the environment (Hoffman, 1994, p. 52). Adler differed again with Freud on lifestyle. Adler viewed motivation as a matter of moving towards the future instead of being driven to the past. People are driven towards their goals, their purpose and their ideals which are known as teleology. Moving things from the past to the future has some remarkable effects. Social interest was another idea on the significance of striving for perfection. On his holism, it is easy to see that everyone who is striving for perfection can hardly do so without considering the social environment. Since people are social animals, they dont exist much less they strive without others and even most determined people-hater forms with detestation in a social context. According to him, social concern was not simply inborn or learned but a combination of both. This is to some extent an innate demonstrated on how babies and small children show sympathy on others without being taught. The aim of Adler was to avoid the idea of social interest which is a ver sion of extraversion. Some people express their social concern through a behavior of being friendly and slapping. Adler meant social concern in terms of feeling in terms of certain social behaviors but in a much broader sense as caring for the community, family, humanity and community even for life. Social concern is a matter of being helpful to others. Lack of social concern is a definition of all failures like drunkards, psychotics, problem children and criminals among others because they lack social interest (Adler, 1999, p. 34). Adler changed psychological determinance grounds from to sex to libido. He has special prominence to societal factors. He argued that, an individual has to struggle or deal with three forces known as love-related, societal and vocational forces. This disagreement determines the final nature of personality. He based his theories on the development of pre-adulthood of individual. His psychology is parallel wit the humanistic psychology of Abraham Maslow who acknowledged Adlers influence on his theories. Both humanistic psychology and individual psychology hold that, individuals who are human beings are the best determinants of their own desires, needs, growth and interests. The theory of defeat, compensation and over-compensation were derived by Adler. According to him, individuals derive their personality characteristics from the important external factors. Individual characters are formed by their reaction on their influence to compensation, resignation and over-compensation. In com pensation, when an individual suffers from any difficulty, their main objective is to bring those drawbacks to an end making them inferior to others. Those with the potential to this are successful in their lives on both individual and social basis (Dreikurs, 1994, p. 127). Resignation is for those individuals who give their drawbacks and become reconciled to them. These kinds of people are in many. The attitude of the world toward them is cool and quite uninterested understanding. Over-compensation is where some people become so obsessed with the idea of recompense for their problems. External factors are important in formation of characters. Alfred holds the main motives of human behavior and thought as individual strive for power and superiority partly in compensation for their inferiority feeling. Each individual is unique according to this view and their personality structure with the unique goals and striving ways finds an expression on their style of life which is the product of their creativity. However, individuals cannot be considered as different from the society, all important problems including general human relations, love, and occupation problems are social (Watts, 2003, p. 67). Adlers theory led to explanation of the psychological abnormality and normality although the normal person who has a well developed social interest will recompense by determining on the helpful side of life which is by contributing to the common inferiority feeling. The neurotically disposed individual is characterized by increased superiority feeling, exaggeration, underdeveloped social interest, and uncooperative superiority goal which are signs anxiety and less open aggression. This person solves problems in a private fashion, self-centered resulting in failure. All kind of maladjustments share this collection. Therapy involves offering the patient with insight on mistaken life-style through materials furnished by him in the interview with a psychiatric (Slavik and Carlson, 2005, p. 241). According to Adler, inferiority people pull towards perfection, fulfillment and self-actualization. Failures ends up being unfulfilled, being far from self-actualization and badly imperfect. Due to lack of self interest or putting something in positive form people will be excessively self-interested. According to him, being besieged by inferiority is by feeling competent, doing well, affording to think of others. All individuals suffer from inferiority like Adler suffered from organ inferiority. Many people react to organic inferiorities through compensation. People make their deficiencies in a different way. The inferiority organ can be strengthened and become stringer than others. Individuals can psychologically compensate their problems by developing particular skills or even specific personality styles. Many people are not in a position to handle their problems and they live lives of silent depression. People optimism and society which is up-to-beat seriously undervalues their n umbers. Many people have psychological inferiorities. There is also general type of inferiority mainly the natural inferiority mainly found in children. Children are naturally weaker, smaller, intellectually competent and less social compared to adults around them. Children have something in common. They have the desire to grow up, be adult and be big. This type of compensation is in fact similar to striving for perfection. Many children have the feeling that, other people always are better than them. If an individual is besieged by inferiority forces whether it is hurting the body, those people around are holding the contempt or the general difficulties are growing up. This develops inferiority complex (Adler, 1964, p. 273). According to Adler, due to inadequate social interest, different types can be differentiated using energy levels. The ruling kind which is from childhood is characterized by the tendency to be quite dominant and aggressive over others. Their energy which involves the strength to strive for their personal power is great and they push anything or anybody getting in their way. Leaning type is among those people who are sensitive and have developed a shell around themselves which is protects them but they have to depend on others to deal with problems in their life. These individuals have low level of energy and they became reliant. When they are overwhelmed, they develop what they normally think of neurotic symptoms which depend on individual lifestyle details. The avoiding type has the lowest energy level and they survive by basically avoiding life. When they are pushed to restrictions they become psychotic which finally retreats to their own worlds. The socially useful type is for th e healthy person who has both energy and social interest. Without energy, one cannot really have self interest since they are not in a position in fact do anything for anyone (Adler, 1999, p. 54). The individual psychology of Alder has some basic assumptions. The individual psychology is a system of practices and theories which is established upon cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic and existential principles. â€Å"All behavior has social meaning.† Adler was different from assumption of Freud that â€Å"human behavior is motivated by sexual instinct†. Assumption of Adler is that human behavior is aggravated by social desires and human beings are intrinsically social beings. Adler substituted interpersonal relationship form for interpersonal â€Å"id-ego-superego† personality pattern of Freud. Alder gives a humanistic and optimistic view of life which considers human beings as greatly in a position to co-operate in order to live jointly and struggle for self development, contribution to ordinary welfare and self-fulfillment. Without cooperation, people can wipe out each other. Adler based his psychology on main concept of self interest.  "Adlerian psychology is a social psychology which individuals always see and understand within the social context (Hoffman, 1994, p. 67)†. Another assumption is that, human personality has guiding and unity themes. This implies that, a person is an indivisible unit and requires understanding as a total person in which the feelings, thoughts, dreams, actions and memories are even psychology leading to the same direction. Individual is a system in which the whole greater than different from the parts. Adler sees the agreement of individual in whose behavior is a consistent theme. Another assumption is that, behavior is a function of biased insight. Developing a guiding theme is a creative and an active process in which person attributes the meaning of life experiences they have faced. They constructs out this raw materials subjective to reality to which they react. It is not experiences of childhood which is important but present understanding of these events. All behaviors are determined. Adler maintained that all behaviors is focused and goal-directed, although people may not be always deliberately conscious their moti ves. If individuals have the potential they need to develop or use, they lack an action which serves the purpose. Use is more significant than control. Persons are not submissive victims of environment and heredity but energetic constructors and interpreters of their theme (Dreikurs, 1994, p. 135). Another assumption is striving for important explanation on motivation. Adler found that, due to initial helplessness, an infant experiences inferior and struggles to conquer a feeling of incompletion by determining for higher level of growth. Inferior feeling and compensation for the feeling is the dynamic motivation principle which moves an individual from one level growth to another. This striving may continue through out our life. The procedure begins in infancy as children become aware of their insufficiency, mainly when comparing with other children and adults. Infancy experience what is described by Adler as â€Å"minus situation.† The feeling of inferiority becomes a motivation for striving towards â€Å"plus situation.† Adler held that, individuals are not always directed to their dealings by realism but always by fiction. The concept of final goal by Adler which is a fictional creation, an imagined idyllic condition which directs the present individual a proc ess known as private logic as stated by Adler (Adler, 1999, p. 45). Conclusion Individuals can develop exaggerated inferiority feeling and strive towards an imagined goal of inferiority and avoiding the real test. The community feeling and the final goals of co-operation are better than the final goal which is egocentric. This would reveal power concern, self-interest, withdrawal and avoidance. According to Adler, the approach to life with individual traits, the style if life and the unique way in which each person tries to recognize their fictional final goals and meets or avoids the three main task of life; intimate relationship, community and work. In early childhood the life style is formed and in a unique and develop the same styles. Healthy persons deal with life tasks more flexible. This can find ways of solving problems and in case one is blocked, they can choose one another and the individual who is disturbed who individually insist on one way. List of References Adler, A. (1999), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler, New York: Harper Torch books Adler, A. (1964), Superiority and social interest: a collection of later writings. H. L. Ansbacher and R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.), Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press Bottome, P., (1998), Alfred Adler a biography, G. P. Putnams Sons: New York Dreikurs, R., (1994), An introduction to individual psychology, London New York: Routledge, ISBN 0415210550 Handlbauer, B. (1998), The Freud Adler controversy, Oxford, UK: One world Hoffman, E. (1994), The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology. New York: Addison-Wesley Co Slavik, S. Carlson, J. (Eds.), (2005), Readings in the theory of individual psychology, New York: Routledge Watts, R. E. (2003), Adlerian, cognitive, and constructivist therapies: An integrative dialogue, New York: Springer Way, L., (1992), Adlers place in psychology. London: Allen Unwin Way, L., (1956), Alfred Adler An Introduction to his psychology, London: Pelican