International Business Management Kalzip Roofing Pte Ltd - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2711 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? International Business Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Kalzip Roofing Pte Ltd Introduction Objective Moving towards global market The theories Application of theories to the situation- Global Market Entry Strategy Indirect Exporting Direct Exporting Licensing Joint venture Direct Investment Acquisition Conclusion Recommendation Introduction Kalzip Roofing Pte Ltd does manufacture of roofing equipment and installation solution. Founded in the UK, kalzip roofing was established in the installation market since 1968. And since then the very first well-known assignment was Numberg Concert Theater, in today there are over 80 millions square feetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the company roofing is installed all around the world. Furthermore, the company headquarter manufacturing plant located in Germany and till today is still on high operation. The Company has different similar factory set up across Asia Pacific, UK and United State and that exclude the sales office. Till today, the company is optimistic to open up more newly develop technology and moving towards better future. As part of the region business, in Asia pacific Singapore was used to store material as a warehouse usage purpose. And as per the financial report shown that the business entity is not in a profitable sh ape when the business entity was hit by financial difficulty. It was taken into consideration by Tata Steel to buy the firm from Corus Group and finally the decision was taken to execute the purchase. The entire acquisition took about 1 year. Presently the business turnover that generate revenue is spite into 75%/25% each of the respective owner. The number of employees who employed under Singapore down from 102 to 30. With the major downsizing of operational team due to the incompetency of the planner. Objective Kalzip roofing objective is to use restructured Singapore operation to figure out market opportunities in some of the undeveloped Asian countries. Kalzip is conscious of the business in need to improve their propensity and wherewithal to excel in today markets. Moving forward, the group will be working with few external adviser to become more wiser in gathering market information and expand their business to the global market. The company wish to use Singapore a s a stepping platform to other non-business operated countries in Asia pacific. The business development team propose an favourable and profitability country like Myanmar. The management team need to bout and comprehend the unknown market and establish a suitable market entry game plan. Moving towards global market The right tools to establish a global game plan is to comprehend growing economic and expertise replica (John Legend, 2003). This assignment discusses the multiple aspects of international business. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The global business marketing game plan is reached tough with external fluctuating such as market act procedures. With all these obstruction to entry it would seem that a global marketing game plan is almost unsustainable (Jason M Gelsmino) Companies with strong global game plan have outstand over market schedule that only compete in local markets. Some edges notwithstanding pliability, miscellany, assortment and workable cost of the actual product an d customer satisfaction. As market strategy become more recognise with global marketing schedule their aptness to belittle and downplay the barrier to new entry swell. Marketing game plan address some typical problems that companies have encounter in the past when coming across with global market; such as sales and market level, quality control of the finished goods, and timeline issues, tools advance and the today network allowed market to weld in local market at any time. This is an rewards as it provide a high degree of mould ability/stretchability and upward customer service level (Jason M Gelsmino) A medium sized company to be global business contestant need to be more advantageously before obtained any provocation global start-up faces 3 dares. Firstly are the organizational issues and transcendental issues generated by distance and by dissimilarity in culture, globalization, education evolution levels. Even adopting to the new workweek can be quite texting for small firm e mployees when come to his/her first day at work. (Greco, John A.Jr, 2005). Secondly is superintend the setback (and moment) of affair à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that is, the divergent nations political, regulatory, forensic, tax and employment environments. Thirdly, newly venture business will find their ways to participate with much bigger firms with far lesser resources. To prosper, companies must state coherent their rational for going global, learn to build network with more established business associate, shine at local market and produce a multinational enlightenment within the organization (Hutt, Michael D., Speh, Thomas W. 2004). Strive for capturing international Business When a company makes a determination to enter a new environment or market, there are variegated issues that need to run through. There are but not limited to cost liabilities, business risk and the degree of authority which can be utilized. The straightforward and manageable method of entering the market is usually exporting, using undeviating- agency or concomitant technique à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" counter trade. On the other hand, there are more labyrinthine forms include but not limited to joint ventures with developed business partner. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Labrinthine forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Having decided on the form of export strategy, decisions have to be made on the specific channels. (Market Entry Strategy, 1997) The Theories Contrivance vital structure for finding resources The theories talk about above portray a concise imagine of the main component that a company should though about when gauging what markets to penetrate and market to do analysis. These theories may also be functional in rating which market entering portray survey of target market, quiescent challenger, SWOT analysis and constitution to enter preferred market. For the business their prefatory juncture of trade, global growth ch oice and assistant with commercial and supply chain classical (Armstong M.A, 2006). A SWOT scrutiny is done to assess the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats intricate in Kalzip roofing business. It intricate itemize the target of the business or project and recognize the internal and external element that are appreciative and antagonistic to obtain those goals. Appreciative element as well as antagonistic element is used to peruse corporation and outward abode (Chermack, Thomas J, 2007) Application of theories to the situation Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Business Management Kalzip Roofing Pte Ltd" essay for you Create order Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Kalzip develop its own roofing via its own manufacturing facilities and to gain much higher safety standards, the group has innumerable initiative that was newly created and driven by the respective Health and Safety professional within each region. The workforce of the roofing industry today, is much more educated at a higher level Based on the global division of workforce skills of new equipment and ideas. Strengths for processes of the business, purchasing and input notwithstanding: Good quota of raw materials. Due to competitive advantage today, there are many well established roofing multinational company situated across Asia pacific region. Currency fluctuation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Many professional secrete definite output from acquire bureau to it dishonest to original customer hard foreign currencies were highly pursue after, while particularly and exceedingly value Western item perform as a method of corruption in communist palatinate, such as Romania, where a particular band of cigarettes served as an unsubstantiated comprehensively used cash to purchase goods and service. Some service workers even took up alternative side income dishonestly furnish service post-haste to consumer for payment. The likelihood ahead for the roofing industry are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" topographical ranking of the country (effortless entry to Europe, Russia and Turkic republics) enlarge connection with the regional countries, the low level of handful to these markets so far. The business today continue to explore new opportunities via apportionment and enlarges/swell economic relation and escalate the business to other industry such as oil and gas and shipyard . The agonize is that the international / worldwide pecuniary crisis has reduced its confidence in the fate and raise glom about the current. Fast broadening / thickening eased exasperation with unscrupulous politicians and demanding environment. It proffer at least the chance of superior health care and pedagogy and andragogy which lagging much behind as compared with Europe standards. But the average dwindle in GDP this year is a significantly dropped 8.2%. convalescence is await o be slow. So much rather the east Europeans face much higher taxes, heavy debts, lower spending power and lesser jobs. This is why in the eye of the investor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The production surmise of danger would include : The affair of state wobbly country, lack of amenity, sparse, exorbitant/extortionate, temporary, high risk investment. A poor resemblance for the country imports and exports procedures. Erratic and rickety and inadequate buildout of free trade rules and procedures. . Global market entry strategy Based on (Malht, Aarwal Ulgado, 2003) the pick of foreign market entry strategies is an important portion of the internationalisation operation for companies today. The entry mode a company select for a foreign market has significant leverage on the extent to which the company exploit on market potential and on the strategic predominance it has over market progress. These entry modes include importing and exporting, the use of representative and purveyor, promised deals such as allowing sublease and franchising, JV, strategic co-relation, and wholly owned foreign direct investment (FDI). This paper will try to rank one another of these entry modes, exploring the benefit and drawback of each market entry game plan and can become a high restriction to the worldwide market. Price cuddle search and haggle costs. Fleshly interval, language restriction, warehouse costs and risk limit the undeviating observe of market leaders. Implementation of agreement m ay be expensive and feeble legal amalgamation between countries creating more and more tough condition. Also, these elements are important when bearing in mind a market entry strategy. In actual all these may be so expensive and risky that Governments, rather than private personnel, often get intricate in commodity system. Figure 1 and 2 below (Market entry strategies, 1999) The evaluation of the market for an artefact or favour, counting the investigation and survey of market treads, determine the contention, and manage/direct market research is important. As market research has already done in previous section of this assessment, few key business game plan to enter the market using the model above figure 1 and 2 which identified the next level and chase new market need to traverse and plan outside own original business zone. It decide for erudition and conclusion and settlement making on how to answer new rivalry, customers, JV partner, contractors and other market p layers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" at higher performance and in unconventional domain (Market entry strategies 1999). Indirect Exporting This technique of foreign market entry includes the exporting builder engaging an individualistic/stand-alone companies, which becomes the export section for the marker. Indirect export often to be said is a domestic sales (Yoshino MY and Rangan U.S ,1995). Maker finish domestic sale that in returning to an export sale revenue a third party (Foley J, 1999). In the simple term, indirect export elaborate selling to the person who do export. Direct Exporting The unalike between indirect and direct exporting is that, the maker execute the entire export process rather than emissary to others. The exporting companies deal with every characteristic of the export operation from market scrutiny and handling paperwork to foreign dispensation and collect payments. In cases like Kalzip to enter the other region market may be a concoction of indirect and direct exporting and may obtain with assemblage sequel. As in the start-up process kalzip may incur less cost in the early stage of entry. The representative trustee will help the company like kalzip to establish the clubbable and good-natured image and absorb about the local venture market. Acquire confess about the market and then without hurrying establish the businesses. Licensing Bases on (Johansson, 1997) licensing include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“offering a foreign company the rights to use formà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proprietary technology and other know how normally in return for a fee plus a royal on proceed and incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The licensor may give the licensee the prerogative and privilege to use the company charter and copyright on a specific goods or a process, creator know-how, tech specialized guidance and helps, after sales advice, or the use of the emblem or the firm name (Hollensen, 1998). The duration of the licences may very much dependable, as mentioned by (Jeannet Hennessey, 2004) be contingent on the level of venture/speculation needed by the licensee to entry into the market. It is always the norm for the licensee who make all the needed capital investment with regards to equipment, marketing disbursement etc. Neither party may insist on a long and robust agreement in to generate the cost of investment and speculation. Joint Venture A JV partner with a local associate constitute a more large-scale and sizeable form of involvement in foreign market than whichever exporting or licensing. A JV is distinguisher from other forms of calculated and deliberate agreements as an associate generate a separate legal entity (Cateora Graham, 2002) raised 4 factors analogous with JV: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“JV are enchanted, unconnected, legal entitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“They confess intent by associate to tell in management of the joint ventureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“They are coalition between permissible joining entities such as private coporation, Public sector or government agency and not in the middle with individuals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Justness position are held by each associateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A JV may be the one and only method for company to merge into a country if authority agreement debate practices regularly and habitually approbation Local Corporation or if laws interdict foreign control but allow JVs. Alongside control diplomatic/party political and pecuniary risk, JV gives a lesser risk as compared with the rest. In JV the value and threat are going to be much lower, shield resources that canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be achieved via the market. Companies have ameliorate access to monetary capital, ease of economies of structure and satisfaction of size. They also may have admittance to new skills and management procedures. There are 6 different kinds of JVs obtainable to companies and these are outlined below.  · Direct Investment (Greenfield investments)  · Acquisitions Somewhat than inaugurate an undisputedly possess ancillary from scratch the firms can contemplate an accession of an existing company. Accession offer swift entry into a market and more often furnish access to broadcast telegraph of message. To encapsulate this assignment, I have developed a models defining the advantages and disadvantage of each foreign market entry game plan. Conclusion The assortment of a market entry game plan is disparaging to the prosperity of a company investment and venture operations. Each of the company on prosperity, The selection of a market entry strategy is critical to the success of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s foreign operations. Each firm planning on internationalising has a differing set of circumstances. These circumstances can be either internal or external to the firm. Internal circumstances include availability of resources, experience of staff and spirit of entrepreneurship. External circumstances include size of home marke t, attractiveness of foreign markets, and political conditions in foreign markets to name but a few. These circumstances determine the suitability of the different market entry strategies. The selection of a market entry strategy is critical to the success of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s foreign operations. Each firm planning on internationalising has a differing set of circumstances. These circumstances can be either internal or external to the firm. Internal circumstances include availability of resources, experience of staff and spirit of entrepreneurship. External circumstances include size of home market, attractiveness of foreign markets, and political conditions in foreign markets to name but a few. These circumstances determine the suitability of the different market entry strategies. Reference John Legend, Business Marketing Association (2003) Greco, John A. Jr., (2005) Past indicates promising future for b-to-b direct; Hutt, Michael D., Speh, Thomas W. (2004)Busin ess Marketing Management: A Strategic View of Industrial and Organizational Markets, 8th Edition Armstrong. M. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th edition) 2006, Kogan Page , Chermack, Thomas J.; Bernadette K. Kasshanna (December 2007). The Use of and Misuse of SWOT analysis and implications for HRD professionals.Human Resource Development International10(4): 383à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"399.. Malhotra, N. K., Agarwal, J. Ulgado, F. M. (2003) Internationalization and entry modes: A multitheoretical framework and research propositions. Journal of International Marketing, 11(4), pp. 1-31. Yoshino, M. Y.; Rangan, U. S. (1995), Strategic alliances: an entrepreneurial approach to globalization, Harvard Business Press Foley, J. (1999), The Global Entrepreneur: taking your business international Age, Dearborn Johansson, J. (1997) Global marketing : Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, and Global Management. Chicago, Irwin. Hollensen, S. (1998) Global marketing : A Market-Responsive Approach. London, Prentice Hall. Jeannet, J.-P. Hennessey, D. (2004) Global Marketing Strategies. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Cateora, P. Graham, J. (2002) International Marketing. NY, McGraw-Hill.

The Rodney King Trial And Verdict - 2143 Words

We are fools to think racism is something of the past. Racism is very much alive in this century as it was in the last century. The Rodney King trial and verdict will forever be identified as a moment in recent history that outraged the diverse residents of Los Angeles County and the rest of America. Not only did it expose the police brutality African Americans endure, but it showed the discrimination of a jury mostly made of white people. My family lived in Los Angeles during the late 80’s and into the 90’s, and they still remember how dangerous walking in the streets was during those years. The police did not only discriminate African Americans, they also victimized Mexican Americans. The Rodney King trial and verdict of 1992 generated riots across Los Angeles after four police officers accused of beating King were acquitted. The verdict revealed the unjust racial treatment towards African Americans and it became a symbol of police brutality and injustice that is stil l seen today. Rodney King was a black motorist who was beaten and arrested by four white police officers in Los Angeles on March 3, 1991. The policemen were unaware of being filmed until, George Holliday, captured the beating on videotape from his apartment window and released it to the press (Alexander, Jacobs, and Seidman, 2000). This incident was not a shock to individuals living in the Los Angeles County as it was common to be victimized by policemen. The difference in Rodney King’s case with otherShow MoreRelatedPolice Report On The Los Angeles Police Department1584 Words   |  7 Pagespresented in the trial, and the police reports and conversations post beating of Rodney King, it will be clear whether or not justice was served and how the results of this trial affected the Los Angeles community, and policing in the U.S for years to come. 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NewsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The 1991 Beating Of Rodney King 1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1991 beating of Rodney King by Los Angeles police provides rich case material in how an attack perceived as unjust can backfire. George H. W. Bush said, â€Å"The last thing the leaders of Los Angeles expected in the early 1990s was that their city would become the scene of the nation s deadliest urban race riot since the Civil War.† The race riot that Mr. Bush is referencing are the Los Angeles race riots that occurred as a result of Rodney King’s arrest in 1991 exemplified the deep tensions betweenRead MoreSimpson s Success Story Essay1929 Words   |  8 Pagescould buy. Thus began the conundrum regarded as the Trial of the Century. As aforementioned, Simpson hired a defense team that was referred to as the â€Å"Dream Team.† This legal team consisted of Robert Shapiro, Johnnie Cochran, F. Lee Bailey, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Kardashian, Shawn Holley, Carl E. 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This led to the criminal justice system to be questioned if it â€Å"...was being fair to all individuals regardless of race or socio-economic status.† (Kelly, 1) When the Simpson trial started to form, Simpson’s â€Å"Dream Team†Read MoreRodney King Term Paper3279 Words   |  14 Pages Rodney King and the Straw that Broke the Camel’s Back At 12:30 A.M. on March 3, 1991, Tim and Melanie Singer, a married team of the California Highway Patrol, noticed a Hyundai speeding along the Foothill Freeway in northeastern L.A. The car belonged to Rodney Glen King, a native Californian who had recently been released from prison for threatening and assaulting a storeowner. Immediately, the Singers exited the highway, returned behind King’s vehicle, and began to pursue at speeds up to 117Read MoreThe Opening Day Of The Trial2708 Words   |  11 Pagesgun, and a passport in Cowling s vehicle† (Linder Par. 7). 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Do Men make Better managers than Women free essay sample

Only in the last century have more esteemed jobs been allocated to women, in light of the women-rights movement. Even though pay between men and women is still unequal and gender discrimination at the workplace is still imminent, the improvement in the opportunities of women to maintain high ranking jobs in the last century has been drastic. However in certain occupations, such as that of the manager, inequality is even firmer, as shown in studies detailing the sex ratio of managers (Vinniecombe and Colwil, 1995). This phenomenon does not advise that men are more suitable managers, as women are especially disadvantaged in more commonly masculine workplaces, like a managerial role. Rise to new managerial styles and a decrease in prejudice towards women may even prove women to be the more effective managers, or at least equally effective, as men. When it comes to the occupancy of the manager, Women are still more unlikely to hold the position than in other relatively higher job positions, with only about 10 % of management positions in Europe being held by Women, further of those the grand majority lie in the lower management ranks (Vinnicombe and Colwill, 1995). Historically there are disparities in the level of qualifications held between both genders. In contrast to men, women are also more likely to take breaks from paid work, in order to take care of dependents. Women therefore have fewer opportunities to broaden their career prospects due to household commitments. As a result this makes it more difficult for women to gain promotion to higher positions and better paid jobs within businesses. This and many other variables may coalesce to construct a ‘glass ceiling.’ Many females find that a male orientated corporate culture as a major obstacle to their individual success. Women have fewer opportunities to broaden their career prospects, due to household commitments. The emancipation of women in recent decades has transformed the composition of the UK labour market; furthermore ONS forecasts show that the increasing trend in female participation is likely to continue. Considerable differences in pay between men and women does currently exist; even if the nature of work is similar or the same. Although the government have introduced legislation to protect women, there is evidence suggesting that gender discrimination currently exists. On the contrary ONS publications do suggest that progress is being made in narrowing wage differentials between men and women. From the companies listed on the FTSE 100, 17 companies have female executive directors and women hold only 17% of board positions (2). Women carry out 20% of senior management roles in the UK (3). This shows that a high  proportion of top management jobs are carried out by males, furthermore the UK government are considering using quotas to promote gender diversity in the boardroom. The government have introduced its first gender quota, which are targeted at large UK banks. These types of financial institutions are required to set quotas in the boardroom for women, and as of 2014 have a legal responsibility to â€Å"publish a policy relating to how the targets they set themselves for women in senior roles will be achieved and potentially report on progress (4).† Critics put forward the idea that women are more risk averse compared to their male counterparts. Some feminists argue that the men were there main contributors to the financial crisis, as a majority of senior people in banks, regulatory bodies and the government are predominantly male. Conversely it is difficult to envisage the alternative, in the case where a larger proportion of senior positions were women. By having a more gender balanced workforce, a mixture of leadership styles of both men and women can help minimise weaknesses associated with each gender. In most cases women have a transformational leadership style, whereas men’s leadership style is usually transactional. Certain leadership styles may be more suited to particular industries, such as a transactional leadership in the manufacturing industry. As a result of masculine stereotypes women may find difficulty in entering or being promoted in industries that have a high concentration of males. Male managers would tell employees what to do, whereas female managers are more likely to take part in joint decision making exercises with their employees. The transformational approach focuses upon relationships, whereas the transactional approach concentrates on performance, both of which are important. Compared to male managers, female managers are more likely to consider how their own behaviour/ decisions would affect other stakeholders. This is generally why men take larger risks compared to women, furthermore men do not seriously consider their actions this could have a detrimental effect on the business. Men and women both have different types of emotional intelligence. Men generally dominate top management positions as they are able to work independently and better under stress in comparison to women. Emotional intelligence tests show that women could possibly be better managers in the future, as they usually have better results in interpersonal areas results in comparison to men, as the corporate world is changing and teamwork is an essential function. To  conclude, these generalisations about both genders may not be the case for all. Overall men may be better managers than women, as empirical evidence shows that top management positions are dominated by males. Businesses would simply want to recruit and retain the best managers. Females would simply have top management positions if internal stakeholders felt they would be the best candidate to direct, operate and manage resources within the organisation. Gender discrimination can bring about a number of issues to our society, as females would find it difficult to find a job in which they are able to fully utilise their skills and abilities. Equally businesses that use this form of discrimination have a smaller pool of labour to recruit from, which may raise their production costs. Under these circumstances it would make them less competitive at a national and international level. Gender should not however be used to establish the best candidates to take on managerial positions, as this would not make economic sense. Other factors such as experience, knowledge, skills and abilities should be key determinants.

Brave New World Eugenics Essay Example For Students

Brave New World Eugenics Essay In chapter II of a Brave New World Revisited by Aldous Huxley, Huxley makes some very bold statements on the current state of our nations increasing technology towards medicine. This leads to the formation of the idea that we need to institute a eugenics program. Though there are many drawbacks in using eugenics, the ultimate goal is very beneficial. Huxley gives a very clear example on why we need a system like eugenics when he states an example which involves introducing a cure for malaria to a tropical island. Suppose someone was to go to a tropical island with DDT and wipe out malaria. After two or three years, hundreds of thousands of lives are saved. Though the intentions of this act were good, there would now be a lack of shelter, clothing, education and food to go around. Though a quick death by malaria was avoided, now there is a slow, undernourished feeling of death creeping all throughout the island. This is a perfect example of how the disruption of the natural selection process can cause chaotic damage to a societyInstead of giving out drugs to help keep alive people (people who might have been dead without them), eugenics can be used to reassure that there are no bad defects in someone whence they are born. Think of all the handicapped people that are born (Armless, legless, blind, deaf, retarded, etc?). Instead of sustaining these people after birth, there should have been a way to prevent all of these defects from occurring in general. If we were to apply some sort of science to maintain a healthy baby at birth, we might not be seriously disrupting the natural selection process. When most people think of eugenics, the first thing that comes to mind would have to be Hitler. What we must remember is that Hitlers form of eugenics is not what I am inferring here. Eugenics consumed the German medical, biological and social scientific communities in the decade before World War II. Many physicians and scientists were frantic about threats they saw to the genetic health of the nation posed by the presence of inferior populations such as Jews, Gypsies, Slavs and, and African people. The steps they took to protect against the public health disaster of a polluted race were so awful, and so immoral that they have changed all following discussion of the ethics of both human genetics and eugenics. The things to remember when using a technique such as eugenics, is that there is no evidence to support the biological theory of the innate inferiority of races or the biological superiority of specific ethnic groups. This was the main understanding of Hitler which led to the Ho locaust. In applying eugenics, one must keep in mind that they cannot force sterilization of someone, commit infanticide or genocide, and most certainly cannot force someone to partake upon using eugenics to form a child that is to their liking. The effects of such a system of birth on our society is one that may come highly pleasant if the right precautions are taken. As seen in the movie Gattaca, one must not form a discriminatory view towards those who have not been conceived through the use of eugenics. That is why medical history of those who were born through eugenics should not be revealed to anyone, and there should be no way for one to find out if they have been or have not. Parents should not treat their kids differently based on the idea upon them received through the use or absence of eugenics. This is comparable to Frankenstein in a way. Though Frankenstein created the monster, he should have treated it with the respect that it deserves since it was now a life as any ot her. With the lack of this treatment the monster is enraged and therefore wreaks havoc. If we dont treat the people the same either with eugenics or without eugenics, there will just be a lot of civil unrest till a catalyst comes along to form a civil war between eugenic people and non-eugenic people. This is in essence the same theory behind the NATO bombings. .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .postImageUrl , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:hover , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:visited , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:active { border:0!important; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:active , .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8 .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1590849df303a104f01cefb0b9de30b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antebellum Periods And Reforms EssayEugenics is not a bad thing when it comes to introducing it to an unformed egg. Without it, the world as we know it will be faced with overpopulation which will lead to many other things. To house the overpopulated people of the world, new buildings will have to be built, which in turn will lead to the destruction of more forest and farm area. To feed the people, we must use up more of our countrys farming resources. To accommodate the people, we deplete our already diminishing fossil resources even more. Eugenics helps this cause in a sense, that the government/people no longer have to support those born with a lot of genetic defects. I nstead of somebody with no hands surviving through the help of the government, the government could have put that money back into the economy and that person could have been doing farming or something worthwhile if they had been exposed through a process of eugenics. In conclusion, the use of eugenics to help resolve our natural selection problems would be quite feasible in our society. It can be seen as a safe way to maintain a steady population of healthy, hardworking people without the drawbacks of genetic impurities.

American Civil War - American Civil War Eastern Theater 1863 to 1865

American Civil War - American Civil War Eastern Theater 1863 to 1865 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Grant Comes East In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and gave him command of all Union armies. Grant elected to turn over operational control of the western armies to Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman and shifted his headquarters east to travel with Maj. Gen. George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. Leaving Sherman with orders to press the Confederate Army of Tennessee and take Atlanta, Grant sought to engage General Robert E. Lee in a decisive battle to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia. In Grants mind, this was the key to ending the war, with the capture of Richmond of secondary importance. These initiatives were to be supported by smaller campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, southern Alabama, and western Virginia. The Overland Campaign Begins the Battle of Wilderness In early May 1864, Grant began moving south with 101,000 men. Lee, whose army numbered 60,000, moved to intercept and met Grant in a dense forest known as the Wilderness. Adjacent to the 1863 Chancellorsville battlefield, the Wilderness soon became a nightmare as the soldiers fought through the dense, burning woods. While Union attacks initially drove the Confederates back, they were blunted and forced to withdrawal by the late arrival of Lt. Gen. James Longstreets corps. Assaulting the Union lines, Longstreet recovered the territory that had been lost, but was severely wounded in the fighting. After three days of the fighting, the battle had turned into a stalemate with Grant having lost 18,400 men and Lee 11,400. While Grants army had suffered more casualties, they comprised a lesser proportion of his army than Lees. As the Grants goal was to destroy Lees army, this was an acceptable outcome. On May 8, Grant ordered the army to disengage, but rather than withdrawal towards Washington, Grant ordered them to continue moving south. Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Marching southeast from the Wilderness, Grant headed for Spotsylvania Court House. Anticipating this move, Lee dispatched Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson with Longstreets corps to occupy the town. Beating the Union troops to Spotsylvania, the Confederates constructed an elaborate set of earthworks in the rough shape of an inverted horseshoe with a salient at the northern point known as the Mule Shoe. On May 10, Col. Emory Upton led a twelve regiment, spearhead attack against the Mule Shoe which broke the Confederate line. His assault went unsupported and his men were forced to withdrawal. Despite the failure, Uptons tactics were successful and were later replicated during World War I. Uptons attack alerted Lee to the weakness of the Mule Shoe section of his lines. To reinforce this area, he ordered a second line built across the salients base. Grant, realizing how close Upton had been to succeeding ordered a massive assault on the Mule Shoe for May 10. Led by Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancocks II Corps, the attack overwhelmed the Mule Shoe, capturing over 4,000 prisoners. With his army about to be split in two, Lee led Lt. Gen. Richard Ewells Second Corps into the fray. In a full day and nights fighting, they were able to retake the salient. On the 13th, Lee withdrew his men to the new line. Unable to break through, Grant responded as he did after Wilderness and continued moving his men south. North Anna Lee raced south with his army to assume a strong, fortified position along the North Anna River, always keeping his army between the Grant and Richmond. Approaching the North Anna, Grant realized that he would need to split his army to attack Lees fortifications. Unwilling to do so, he moved around Lees right flank and marched for the crossroads of Cold Harbor. Battle of Cold Harbor The first Union troops arrived at Cold Harbor on May 31 and began skirmishing with the Confederates. Over the next two days the scope of the fighting grew as the main bodies of the armies arrived on the field. Facing the Confederates over a seven mile line, Grant planned a massive assault for dawn on June 3. Firing from behind fortifications, the Confederates butchered the soldiers of the II, XVIII, and IX Corps as they attacked. In the three days of fighting, Grants army suffered over 12,000 casualties as opposed to only 2,500 for Lee. The victory at Cold Harbor was to be the last for the Army of Northern Virginia and haunted Grant for years. After the war he commented in his memoirs, I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made...no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained. The Siege of Petersburg Begins After pausing for nine days at Cold Harbor, Grant stole a march on Lee and crossed the James River. His objective was to take the strategic city of Petersburg, which would cut the supply lines to Richmond and Lees army. After hearing that Grant crossed the river, Lee rushed south. As the lead elements of the Union army approached, they were prevented from entering by Confederate forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard. Between June 15-18, Union forces launched a series of attacks, but Grants subordinates failed to push home their assaults and only forced Beauregards men to retire to citys inner fortifications. With the full arrival of both armies, trench warfare ensued, with the two sides facing off in a precursor to World War I. In late June, Grant began a series of battles to extend the Union line west around the south side of the city, with the goal of severing the railroads one by one and overextending Lees smaller force. On July 30, in an effort to break the siege, he authorized the detonation of a mine under the center of the Lees lines. While the blast took the Confederates by surprise, they quickly rallied and beat back the mishandled follow-up assault. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page Civil War 101 Campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley In conjunction with his Overland Campaign, Grant ordered Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to move southwest up the Shenandoah Valley to destroy the rail and supply center of Lynchburg. Sigel began his advance but was defeated at New Market on May 15, and replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter. Pressing on, Hunter won a victory at the Battle of Piedmont on June 5-6. Concerned about the threat posed to his supply lines and hoping to force Grant to divert forces from Petersburg, Lee dispatched Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early with 15,000 men to the Valley. Monocacy Washington After halting Hunter at Lynchburg on June 17-18, Early swept unopposed down the Valley. Entering Maryland, he turned east to menace Washington. As he moved towards the capital, he defeated a small Union force under Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace at Monocacy on July 9. Though a defeat, Monocacy delayed Earlys advance allowing Washington to be reinforced. On July 11 and 12, Early attacked the Washington defenses at Fort Stevens with no success. On the 12th, Lincoln viewed part of the battle from the fort becoming the only sitting president to be under fire. Following his attack on Washington, Early withdrew to the Valley, burning Chambersburg, PA along the way. Sheridan in the Valley To deal with the Early, Grant dispatched his cavalry commander, Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan with an army of 40,000 men. Advancing against Early, Sheridan won victories at Winchester (September 19) and Fishers Hill (September 21-22) inflicting heavy casualties. The decisive battle of the campaign came at Cedar Creek on October 19. Launching a surprise attack at dawn, Earlys men drove the Union troops from their camps. Sheridan, who was away at a meeting in Winchester, raced back to his army and rallied the men. Counterattacking, they broke Earlys disorganized lines, routing the Confederates and forcing them to flee the field. The battle effectively ended the fighting in the Valley as both sides rejoined their larger commands at Petersburg. Election of 1864 As military operations continued, President Lincoln stood for reelection. Partnering with War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Lincoln ran on the National Union (Republican) ticket under the slogan Dont Change Horses in the Middle of a Stream. Facing him was his old nemesis Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan who was nominated on a peace platform by the Democrats. Following Shermans capture of Atlanta and Farraguts triumph at Mobile Bay, Lincolns reelection was all but assured. His victory was a clear signal to the Confederacy that there would be no political settlement and that war would be prosecuted to end. In the election, Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to McClellans 21. Battle of Fort Stedman In January 1865, President Jefferson Davis appointed Lee to command of all Confederate armies. With the western armies decimated, this move came too late for Lee to effectively coordinate a defense of the remaining Confederate territory. The situation worsened that month when Union troops captured Fort Fisher, effectively closing the Confederacys last major port, Wilmington, NC. At Petersburg, Grant kept pressing his lines west, forcing Lee to further stretch his army. By mid-March, Lee began to consider abandoning the city and making an effort to link up with Confederate forces in North Carolina. Prior to pulling out, Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon suggested a daring attack on the Union lines with the goal of destroying their supply base at City Point and forcing Grant to shorten his lines. Gordon launched his attack on March 25 and overran Fort Stedman in the Union lines. Despite early success, his breakthrough was quickly contained and his men driven back to their own lines. Battle of Five Forks Sensing Lee was weak, Grant ordered Sheridan to attempt a move around the Confederate right flank to the west of Petersburg. To counter this move, Lee dispatched 9,200 men under Maj. Gen. George Pickett to defend the vital crossroads of Five Forks and the Southside Railroad, with orders to hold them at all hazards. On March 31, Sheridans force encountered Picketts lines and moved to attack. After some initial confusion, Sheridans men routed the Confederates, inflicting 2,950 casualties. Pickett, who was away at a shad bake when the fighting started, was relieved of his command by Lee. The Fall of Petersburg The following morning, Lee informed President Davis that Richmond and Petersburg would have to be evacuated. Later that day, Grant launched a series of massive assaults all along the Confederate lines. Breaking through in numerous places, Union forces forced the Confederates to surrender the city and flee west. With Lees army in retreat, Union troops entered Richmond on April 3, finally achieving one of their principle war goals. The next day, President Lincoln arrived to visit the fallen capital. The Road to Appomattox After occupying Petersburg, Grant began chasing Lee across Virginia with Sheridans men in the lead. Moving west and harried by Union cavalry, Lee hoped to re-supply his army before heading south to link up with forces under Gen. Joseph Johnston in North Carolina. On April 6, Sheridan was able to cut off approximately 8,000 Confederates under Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell at Saylers Creek. After some fighting the Confederates, including eight generals, surrendered. Lee, with fewer than 30,000 hungry men, hoped to reach supply trains that were waiting at Appomattox Station. This plan was dashed when Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George A. Custer arrived in the town and burned the trains. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page Civil War 101 Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101 Meeting at Appomattox Court House While most of Lees officers favored surrender, others did not fearing that it would lead to the end of the war. Lee also sought to prevent his army from melting away to fight on as guerrillas, a move that he felt would have long term harm for the country. At 8:00 AM Lee rode out with three of his aides to make contact with Grant. Several hours of correspondence ensued which led to a cease fire and a formal request from Lee to discuss surrender terms. The home of Wilmer McLean, whose house in Manassas had served as Beauregards headquarters during the First Battle of Bull Run, was selected to host the negotiations. Lee arrived first, wearing his finest dress uniform and awaited Grant. The Union commander, who had been suffering a bad headache, arrived late, wearing a worn privates uniform with only his shoulder straps denoting his rank. Overcome by the emotion of the meeting, Grant had difficulty getting to the point, preferring to discuss his previous meeting with Lee during the Mexican-American War. Lee steering the conversation back to the surrender and Grant laid out his terms. Grants Terms of Surrender Grants terms: I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. In addition, Grant also offered to allow the Confederates to take home their horses and mules for use in the spring planting. Lee accepted Grants generous terms and the meeting ended. As Grant rode away from the McLean house, the Union troops began to cheer. Hearing them, Grant immediately ordered it stopped, stating he did not want his men exalting over their recently defeated foe. End of the War The celebration of Lees surrender was muted by the assassination of President Lincoln on April 14 at Fords Theater in Washington. As some of Lees officers had feared, their surrender was the first of many. On April 26, Sherman accepted Johnstons surrender near Durham, NC, and the other remaining Confederate armies capitulated one by one over the next six weeks. After four years of fighting, the Civil War was finally over. Previous: War in the West, 1863-1865 Page | Civil War 101

The Countries Involved in World War I

The Countries Involved in World War I The relevance of world in the term World War I  is often difficult to see, because books, articles, and documentaries generally concentrate on Europe and America; even the Middle East and Anzac forces (Australian and New Zealand) are often glossed over. The use of world isnt, as non-Europeans might suspect, the result of self-important bias toward the West, because a full list of the countries involved in WWI reveals a picture of global activity. Between 1914 and 1918, more than 100 countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australasia,  and Europe were part of the conflict. Key Takeaways: Countries Involved in World War I Although most of the battles of World War I occurred in western Europe, many other countries were involved in the events.  Some, like Canada and the U.S., declared war, sent troops, and manufactured armaments.Other countries kept prisoner of war camps or sent infrastructure workers.  Many countries in Africa and Asia were colonies of the large empires and were coerced to help with the war effort.   How Involved Were Countries? The levels of  involvement differed hugely. Some countries mobilized millions of troops and fought hard for more than four years; some were used as reservoirs of goods and manpower by their colonial rulers, while others simply declared war later on and contributed only moral support. Many were drawn in by colonial links: When Britain, France, and Germany declared war, they also committed their empires, involving most of Africa, India, and Australasia, while the 1917 entry of the U.S. prompted much of central America to follow. Consequently, the countries in the following list didnt necessarily send troops, and few saw fighting on their own soil; they either declared war or were considered involved in the conflict, such as being invaded before they could declare anything. Its important to remember, though, that the effects of WWI went beyond this global list. Even countries that remained neutral felt the economic and political effects of a conflict that shattered the established global order. Africa In 1914, 90 percent of the continent of Africa were colonies of the European powers, with only Liberia and Ethiopia retaining independence, and so much of Africas participation was enforced or conscripted. All told, about two million Africans served as soldiers or laborers, and half that total was coercively recruited as carriers or other workers, used to build transportation and other infrastructure projects or perform auxiliary services. The only regions to remain neutral in Africa were Ethiopia and the four small Spanish colonies of Rio de Oro (Spanish Sahara), Rio Muni, Ifni, and Spanish Morocco. Colonies in Africa that were involved in some manner included: AlgeriaAngolaAnglo-Egyptian SudanBasutolandBechuanalandBelgian CongoBritish East Africa (Kenya)British Gold CoastBritish SomalilandCameroonCabindaEgyptEritreaFrench Equatorial AfricaGabonMiddle CongoUbangi-SchariFrench SomalilandFrench West AfricaDahomeyGuineaIvory CoastMauretaniaSenegalUpper Senegal and NigerThe GambiaGerman East AfricaItalian SomalilandLiberiaMadagascarMoroccoPortuguese East Africa (Mozambique)NigeriaNorthern RhodesiaNyasalandSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSouth West Africa (Namibia)Southern RhodesiaTogolandTripoliTunisiaUganda and Zanzibar Americas When they finally joined the war effort in 1917, the United States sent four million men to the Allies. As a dominion of the United Kingdom, Canada sent 400,000 enlisted men, and, like the United States, manufactured armaments, aircraft, and ships. Latin American governments seesawed between neutrality and entry into the war, and Brazil was the only independent South American country to declare war in WWI; it joined the Entente countries- Great Britain, France, and Russia- against Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1917. Other South American nations severed their relations with Germany but did not declare war: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay, all in 1917. BahamasBarbadosBrazilBritish GuianaBritish HondurasCanadaCosta RicaCubaFalkland IslandsFrench GuianaGrenadaGuatemalaHaitiHondurasGuadeloupeJamaicaLeeward IslandsNewfoundlandNicaraguaPanamaSt. LuciaSt. VincentTrinidad and TobagoU.S.AWest Indies Asia Of all the Asian countries involved in World War I in some manner, India, a colony of the British Empire at the time, sent the most: 1.3 million troops and laborers went to the imperial war effort. China was officially neutral but provided about 200,000 laborers to the Allied forces to repair tanks. Japan sent 14 destroyers and a flagship cruiser to assist British ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Tiny Siam stayed neutral until mid-1917 and then sent about 1,500 men as pilots, aircraft mechanics, automobile drivers and mechanics, and medical and support staff. Regions in Asia contributing to the war effort were: AdenArabiaBahrainEl QatarKuwaitTrucial OmanBorneoCeylonChinaIndiaJapanPersiaPhilippinesRussiaSiamSingaporeTranscaucasiaTurkey Australasia and Pacific Islands The largest contributors to the war efforts were the large Australian Imperial Force (Australia still being a colony of England at the time), 330,000 soldiers sent to aid the Allies in the Middle East and Germany. Other contributing countries included: AntipodesAucklandAustral IslandsAustraliaBismarck ArchipelagoBountyCampbellCaroline IslandsChatham IslandsChristmasCook IslandsDucieElice IslandsFanningFlintFiji IslandsGilbert IslandsKermadec IslandsMacquarieMaldenMariana IslandsMarquesas IslandsMarshal IslandsNew GuineaNew CaledoniaNew HebridesNew ZealandNorfolkPalau IslandsPalmyraPaumoto IslandsPitcairnPhilippinesPhoenix IslandsSamoa IslandsSolomon IslandsTokelau IslandsTonga Europe Map of military alliances of Europe in 1914. historicair Most of the battles of World War I took place in Europe, and willingly or not, the people of most of the countries were somehow active in the conflict. For the Allies, 5.2 million British men served in the conflict, just under half of the available pool of men aged 18-51; 7.9 million French citizens were called to serve. A total of 13 million German citizens fought in the war between 1914 and 1918.  In the occupied territories, Germany and its allies also coerced civilians into labor: citizens from Italy, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Russian Poland all had conscripts fighting or assisting with the Entente efforts. AlbaniaAustria-HungaryBelgiumBulgariaCzechoslovakiaEstoniaFinlandFranceGreat BritainGermanyGreeceItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMontenegroPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSan MarinoSerbiaTurkey Atlantic Islands AscensionSandwich IslandsSouth GeorgiaSt. HelenaTristan da Cunha Indian Ocean Islands Andaman IslandsCocos IslandsMauritiusNicobar IslandsReunionSeychelles Sources Beauprà ©, Nicolas. France.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Universitt Berlin, 2014. Web.Badsey, Stephen. Great Britain.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Universitt Berlin, 2017. Web.Boissoneault, Lorraine. The Surprisingly Important Role China Played in WWI. World War I: 100 Years Later. Smithsonian.  2017. Web.Granatstein, J.L. Canada. International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Universitt Berlin, 2018. Web.Johnston, Eric. Japans Little-Known, but Significant, Role in World War I. The Japan Times  (2017). Web.Koller, Christian. Colonial Military Participation in Europe (Africa). International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Universitt Berlin, 2014. Web.Rinke, Stefan and Karina Kriegsmann. Latin America.  International Encylopedia of the First World War. Eds. Daniel, Ute, et al. Berlin: Freie Universitt Berlin, 2017. Web. Strahan, Hew. The First World War in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print.

Marriage among the Somali in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriage among the Somali in Africa - Essay Example Somalia used to be considered the Land of Punt by the ancient Egyptians (Abdullahi 4). They tended to adore its trees, which were responsible for producing the myrrh and aromatic gum resins frankincense. Punt is mentioned in the Bible, and it came to be known as Cape Aromatica by ancient Romans. Somalia is named for Samale or Samaal the Somali people’s legendary father. Most Somali people are Muslims of Sunni sect, and they share a similar language, Somali. Like all other cultures, the Somali people observe Marriage as a passage rite, as well as a fundamental transformation from childhood to adulthood. Traditionally, Somali marriages have created a bond in men and women, as well as between families and clans. The Somali people’s clan groupings are significant social units. Clan membership plays a vital part in Somali politics and culture and clans are patrilineal. They are divided into sub-clans as well as sub-sub-clans, leading to extended families. Somali marriages us ed to be arranged until recently when things changed. The arrangement occurred commonly between a wealthy older man and a father of the young female he wished to wed. Even in the twenty-first century, in many rural areas these customs still remain valid. The man usually pays a bride price in money or livestock to the female’s family (Gardner and Judy 12). Somali society is ethnically endogamous traditionally. Therefore, in order to prolong ties of alliance, marrying occurs between one ethnic Somali to another ethnic Somali of a different clan. Thus, for instance, a recent study showed that among the 89 marriages contracted by Dhulbahante clan men, 62%, (55) were with Dhulbahante sub-clans’ women. 33.7% (31) were with surrounding clans’ women from other clan families. 4.3 % (3) were with the Darod clan family’s women. Traditionally, Samaal marry someone from outside their family lineage or within the family lineage if it is separated from the male by six g enerations or more (Abdullahi 8). The Arab custom of marrying within a father's family lineage is followed by Saab whereby first cousins often marry each other. After marriage, a Somali bride should live with her husband's family while her own parents provide the household goods and home. However, she retains her family name. The Somali â€Å"community† comprises of a varied and a vast array of social groups, familial bonds, and clans, each of which maintains its own beliefs regarding the concept of marriage. According to some Somalis, a girl is considered appropriate for marrying a provided suitor when she reaches age nine. They believe that, incase a girl has not yet been married, by the time she reaches 15 years the girl may be regarded flawed in some aspect hence viewed as bad luck or an outcast to her family. However, in Somali’s central region, there is a strong belief that a female’s suitability for marriage starts immediately the girl's breasts become no ticeable, despite her age. Though this can lead to an inherently immature and extremely young girl child being married off, it cannot be not regarded as problematic for the â€Å"couple.† in this region Somalis believe that just because a female is young, she is not necessarily unsuitable as a wife. The girl should learn her duties as a wife in the period following her marriage if she got married off at a young age. This dynamic is known as â€Å"

The FSISs Public Health Information System Essay

The FSISs Public Health Information System - Essay Example The committee further recommended that FSIS collect extensive information regarding meat and poultry labeling and consumer protection. As stated by the Institute for Homeland Security Solutions (2009), the national security of the United States depends on a safe and secure food supply; food that is free of contamination. In 2006, the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act was passed by both the White House and Congress. The Act established a goal of near-real-time information to enhance rapid response to public health threats to minimize their impact. To meet such a challenge, public health and safety organizations need to enhance their ability to collect, analyze, and disseminate health information across the organization. Liu & Wein (2008) and Zink (2004) have raised concerns that it is only a matter of time before the United States begins experiencing instances of major food terrorism. Earlier in this century, Sobel, Griffith, Slutsker, Swerdlow & Tauxe observed that the inform ation environment and informatics tools that were used then tended to follow jurisdiction boundaries. They further observed that these boundaries worked against efforts to reduce inherent latencies. One good example of the effects of these boundaries is the 2008 peanut butter contamination. In November 2008, the Center for Disease Control confirmed clusters of Salmonella Typhimurium (IHSS, 2009). Two months later, investigations associated Salmonella Typhimurium with peanut butter contamination.

Research Paper on Capillaria hepatica lifecycle and effects on human

On Capillaria hepatica lifecycle and effects on human health - Research Paper Example It will also discuss the diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of disease. Capillaria hepatica is a nematode that causes hepatic capillariasis in several mammals. Rodents were the first host to be described with the infection. Later on, it was discovered that the parasite can infect various mammals including humans (Calle, 1991). Rodents are highly infectious explaining for the global spread of the infection. It has been reported in various countries with China having the highest prevalence of the disease. Until 2000, about 37 cases of human infections have been reported worldwide (Li & Hui-Lin, 2010). The symptoms are nonspecific thus, majority of the cases are misdiagnosed. The parasite causes hepatica capillariasis which is a serious infection of the liver. This occurs both in humans and animals. The adult parasite takes the typical shape of a nematode. The anterior part of the body is narrow while the posterior is broad. The adult female measures about 60 mm long by about 0.20 mm wide and the male is about half as long (Bancroft, 1893). The esophagus occupies about half the body length the females and males a third. The eggs are tapered at the poles. They measure about 0.51- 0.68 mm by 0.30-0.35 mm; resembling those of Trichuris trichura. The dorsal part of the parasite has a copulatory sheath and spicule (Attah &Â  Nagarajan, 1983). Humans get infected following the ingestion of food and water contaminated with the embryonated eggs. The parasite requires only one host to mature from the eggs to the adult. The adult parasite lives in the liver of the host where they lay eggs in the parenchyma. The eggs are not excreted in stool rather they remain dormant until the host dies or the liver is eaten by a predator. These eggs are unembryonated thus are not infectious. They are passed through feces where they are embryonated in the environment (Cox, 1993). Cannibalism plays a vital role in the

The History Of Molecular Modeling Biology Essay

The History Of Molecular Modeling Biology Essay Molecular modeling is a collection of science and art that study molecular structure and function by using computational technique to generate a realistic model of molecule based on molecular properties and behavior. A special computer graphics application and viewer is required to study the image of molecular structure and chemical process. Normally, molecular modeling is applied in field that related to drug design and computational biology who focus on study of molecular structure, dynamic, properties, biological activity (e.g. protein folding, protein stability, protein recognition, and structure prediction, structure determination), and new molecular system design. This is because modeling can support a systematic way to investigate the molecular structure, flexibility and function. The computational approach that used in molecular modeling consists of molecular mechanic, quantum mechanics, and molecular simulation. Molecular mechanic is based on empirical result to model the molecular system through motion of an object. For instance, potential energy is calculated by using force field method. Quantum mechanics is described by using wave function and it is important for understand how the atoms are covalently combine to form molecule. Its example is ab initio and semi-empirical quantum mechanics. Molecular simulation is another computational technique which includes molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo. However, to date, molecular modeling is more concerns to the use of a variety of methods to deduce the atomic information of a system which includes all the approaches mentioned above. To know more about molecular modeling, we are advised to know some of its history so we can make sense of molecular modeling as we know it today. In 1858, Archibald Scott Couper, Friedrich August Kekulà © von Stradonitz, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov introduced chemical structure with a structure rule that involves the link of carbons and other atoms. Louis Pasteur modified the molecular structure theory in 1860. In 1865, August Wilhelm Hofmann discovered ball and stick model and color scheme. And Alder and Wainwright performed simulation technique on hard spheres model in 1959. Lifson, Scheraga, Allinger, Levitt, Warshel and others introduced the force field concept in 1960. Whilst in 1970, Rahman and Stillinger described the molecular dynamic simulation of water. In 1971, Protein Data Bank (PDB) was established. In 1977 and 1984, water force field was developed by Berendsen and Jorgensen respectively. At same year, Warshel and colleagues published the concept of protein elec trostatics and enzyme-substrate complex. At late 1980s, high speed computer, program, technology innovation, and a variety of algorithm were introduced. From paragraph above, we only know some important year between late 1850s to 1980s. From 1970s onwards, there is a proposed expectation curve as shown in Figure 1.1. As computational method and technology are more available, the expectation towards biomolecular modeling field was continued to rise especially from 1980s to 1990s. Structure based rational drug design was then introduced. It was expected to replace the less efficient methods. However, unrealistically disappointment was followed. Then scientists undergo a recovery phase where Human Genome Project was introduced and new technology with fast workstation was published. With these, a steady progress of productivity is emerged until today in order to reach the realistic expectation. In addition, it is important to know that the latest molecular modeling trend is focusing on the development and implementation of virtual reality whose enhance the three dimensional visualization. Nowadays, molecular modeling has been altered the way to conduct a research, that is choosing the experiment with highest probability of success before perform it. So, there is a demand to have a better and faster program design. It is important to know that molecular model need not be commercial or costly to prepare, inexpensive materials also possible to produce useful model and result. Question 2: Molecular graphics and molecular viewer If we said that molecular modeling is creation of computational model based on molecular properties and behavior, then molecular graphic is the graphical depiction of molecular modeling. Molecular graphic is a discipline of study molecule through visualization of molecules and their component parts. It is refers to three-dimensional depictions of molecules that made to examine and understand their response during reaction and interaction. To date, molecular graphic has been replaced some function of physical molecule model as it is portability and easy to interact with analysis result. In the early stage of molecular graphic, computer graphic tool was dominated by vector graphical representation based on calligraphic technology. During that time, only line and dot were shown. And main frame computer was required to manipulate the molecular structure before submit to graphic hardware. Until the founded of Molecular Graphics Society (known as Molecular Graphics and Modeling Society today) in 1983 and present of Journal of Molecular Graphics, new graphic techniques, hardware device and graphical software were introduced. This discovery allows the interactivity on the basis of space filling molecular model. As we know that, molecular objects are in three-dimensional structure. So molecular graphic representation (MGR) is concerns to the multi-dimensionality in order to provide more molecular information. Graphical excellence is used as a guideline for the MGR development. It is well designed to present data and it consists of complex idea that able to communicate with clarity, precision, and efficiency. Basically, the graphical display will shows data, induces viewer to have greatest number of idea, makes large data set to be coherent, encourage eyeball technique to compare data by using human eye, integrates statistical and verbal description of a data set, and reveals data at different levels to give more details. There are several types of molecular model that relate to molecular graphic in order to combine the computational technique with graphic art. Here, I will briefly discuss a few types that commonly used. Ball and stick model is the most widely used molecular model. It displays the three-dimensional position of atoms and bonds that link between them. Typically, atom is represented by sphere with specific color and bond is represented by rod. The rod can be rotate to provide the insight of bond flexible. The Figure 2.1 shows the proline in ball and stick model and its structural formula. Black color represents carbon, white represents hydrogen, blue represents nitrogen, and red represents oxygen. Stick model (refer Figure 2.2) is similar to ball and stick model but without ball as it represents all atoms and bonds by using rod with different color scheme. Space filling model (refer Figure 2.2) is a type of  three-dimensional  molecular model  where the  atoms  are represented by van der Waals spheres with different color and join directly to one another. Its measurement scale is the same as the real atom scale. It shows the space that atom occupied instead of shows the chemical bond. Wire frame model (refer Figure 2.3) is similar to stick model which shows the connection of atom by different color scheme but with thinner bond (connector). This model is convenient for drawing large molecules. Chicken wire model (refer Figure 2.4) is another method to visualize molecular model by drawing the polygon mesh on surface. Its shape is similar to the regular  hexagonal  pattern with mesh  structure. Ribbon model (refer Figure 2.5) is a three dimensional schematic molecular model that used to represent protein structure. It shows the path and organization of protein backbone, and serves as visual framework that provides details of atomic structure. Coiled ribbon represents ÃŽ ±-helix,  arrow represents ÃŽ ²-strand, and thin tubes represents loop. It shows the visual basic of molecular structure such as twist and fold. Molecular viewer is the molecular graphic software that used to visualize molecular structure. It is selected based on the size of molecule and the task to do. Here, I will briefly discuss a few types of viewer that commonly used. RasMol is a powerful research tool for visualization of protein, nucleic acid, and small molecules. It is easy to use while able to produce high quality three-dimensional image. It is a free viewing system for PDB coordinate files. Chime is a molecular viewer that modified RasMol code to allow visualization of molecule through web browser. It able to display three-dimensional and interactive molecular model from webpage. Jmol is a Java-based molecular viewer that allows visualization of molecule through web browser (like Chime) or stand-alone computer (like RasMol). It supports many different source files such as PDB format to create molecular model. Cn3D is NCBIs three-dimensional structure viewer. It allows the display of three-dimensional structure, sequence, and sequence alignment with annotation and alignment editing feature from NCBIs Entrez. Swiss PDB Viewer or DeepView is a molecular viewer that provide user friendly interface which allows analyzing several proteins or multiple models at same time. It supports alignment which based on individual residue, main chain, or entire protein. It also can align different homologous protein structure. It can be used as a helper application for browser. Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) is designed for visualization of large structure molecule such as protein and lipid. Except visualization, VMD also can analyze molecular dynamic simulation, act as graphical front end by display and animate molecule, and sequence browsing. Question 3: Protein structure with reference to hemoglobin and the prion protein Protein structure is biomolecular structure of protein molecule which made up of amino acid polymers. It is critical to its activity and biological function. X-ray crystallography  and NMR spectroscopy are technique that used to determine the protein structure. Basically, the complex protein structure is characterized into four levels of organization (refer Figure 3.1). Primary structure of protein is a linear sequence of amino acid structural unit that held together by peptide bond. It is starting from amino terminus (N) and end with carboxyl terminus (C). The sequence of amino acid will determines primary structure of protein. Change in a single position of amino acid will alter the function and activity of protein, some might cause disease. Secondary structure of protein is local conformation of polypeptide chain. It defined by  the pattern of hydrogen bond that formed between peptide backbones. The polypeptide folds locally into stable structure will form alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, and turn conformation. Tertiary structure of protein is a global three-dimensional structure that formed when secondary structures are folded in three-dimensional space. This folding is triggered by hydrophobic interaction and stabilized by hydrogen bond, van der Waal interaction, disulfide bond, and charge-charge interaction. Tertiary structure can be organized by more than one domain. Domain region can be alpha helix, beta sheet or mixed. Tertiary structure refers to each individual domain as well as to the complete configuration of whole protein. Whilst motif is small structure that plays important role in protein prediction. Quaternary structure of protein refers to regular association of more than two polypeptide chains that fold and coil to form a complex. The interaction between subunits can be identical or different. Quaternary structure is known as a stable three-dimensional structure of multi subunit protein. Hemoglobin is example of protein quaternary structure that found in red blood cells who acts as oxygen transport molecule. It carries oxygen from lung to release in tissue, and binds to carbon dioxide in tissue then releases back to lung. This process is characterized by cooperative interaction of polypeptide chains (subunit) by change their structure to make hemoglobin to be properly function. Hemoglobin (Figure 3.2) is an allosteric protein. It is a tetramer that consists of two types of subunits, two ÃŽ ±-chains and two ÃŽ ²-chains that held together by non-polar interaction and hydrogen bond. Each subunit is arranged as alpha helix structural segment and forms a hydrophobic cleft to allow the attachment of a heme  prosthetic group that consists of an iron atom who acts as oxygen binding site. Each of the subunits can carry one molecule of oxygen. Actually, there has no contact between same type of chain, that is alpha-alpha chain, and beta-beta chain. The contact region occurs between alpha-chain and beta-chain such as alpha1beta1  and alpha1beta2. The alpha1beta2  contact region acts as a switch between deoxy (T) structure to the oxy (R) structure. At T structure or tense state, binding of oxygen is difficult. While oxygen is favored at R structure or relax state as binding of oxygen will trigger the affinity of next oxygen to hemoglobin. Transition from T structure to R structure is triggered by stereo chemical changes at the heme group as shown in Figure 3.3. Like other proteins, hemoglobin is created by DNA in body. Alteration of amino acid will cause blood related disorder such as sickle cell anemia. This disease is results from a mutation at sixth residue in the ÃŽ ² hemoglobin monomer. Proteinaceous infectious virion (prion) is an infectious protein that causes neurodegenerative disease such as Scrapie and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in mammal, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) and Kuru in human. Prion is known as an infectious agent that infects protein, without the transfer of nucleic acid genome, and it causes other proteins to be misfolded. Proteinaceous infectious particle (PrP), a normal cellular protein, consists of around 250 amino acids is found in our body whose involve in the spread of prion disease. Prion theory states that PrP is sole causative agent of prion diseases. If prion is in normal or stable shape (PrPc), it will not cause disease. Whilst if prion is flipped and folded into abnormal conformation (PrPsc), it will cause disease as it induces other proteins to change their conformation and becomes PrPsc as well. This translation is an exponential process where ÃŽ ±-helical and coil structures are refolded into ÃŽ ²-sheet. PrPc  is the endogenous form of prion protein (PrP), while PrPsc  is the misfolded form of PrP. PrPc and PrPsc are known as protein isoform with tertiary structure characteristic. They are categorized as same protein but with different conformation as their folding region is different as shown in Figure 3.4. PrPc contains more ÃŽ ±-helical and coil structure  and PrPsc has more ÃŽ ²-sheet structure. Prion structure is extremely stable. It is highly resistant to denaturation either by heat, ultraviolet light, or radiation. This characteristic makes prion difficult to be eliminated. Furthermore, prion comes in different strains. Each of the strain has slightly different structure. In other words, there has no effective treatment to fight with prion diseases. Question 4: Protein databases Database is an organized collection of data which allows the convenient access of user. Database can be classified into a variety of type. Here, we only focus on the protein data type. There are three types of protein database, that is protein structure database, protein sequence database, and protein motif database. Before discuss the three types of databases, I would like to briefly describe Protein Data Bank (PDB) which is the primary protein database. Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a worldwide repository of three-dimensional structural data of biological macromolecules. Until March 12, 2013, there are 88837 structures in PDB, in which 82224 are protein structure or 92.56% of PDB structure is protein. All the protein structures are obtained through x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM), hybrid technique, and other experimental method. Since 1971, PDB is under the management of Bookhaven. Until 1999, Research Collaboratory of Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB PDB) takes over this task. In 2003, Worldwide PDB (wwPDB) maintains and formalizes the international collaboration by involve RCSB PDB (USA), PDB Japan (PDBj), PDB Europe (PDBe), and Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (BMRB) as members of wwPDB. They act as distribution centers of PDB data. PDB acts as a very important resource to organize and share molecule structure data especially in structural biology area. It serves as a global community to allow scientist to share their research. Currently, the newly determined protein structure will be deposited into PDB data before the scientific paper is published. Except three-dimensional database, PDB also known as primary database for protein structure information. Derived or secondary database will use the PDB data and categorize it in a different way based on their own classification. Protein structure database groups protein based on the similar protein structure and common evolutionary origin. Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP), CATH, and DALI Domain Dictionary (DDD) databases are the three main protein structure classification databases. But here I will only discuss SCOP and CATH. SCOP is a repository that organizes protein structure hierarchically based on their structure and evolutionary origin. The classification of SCOP is manually. With assistant of computer tool, SCOP able to visual and compare the protein structure consistency. The latest version of SCOP is 1.75 that released on June 2009 with 38221 PDB entries and 110800 domains. The source of protein structure is from Protein Data Bank. The classification of SCOP has six levels that are class, fold, superfamily, family, protein, and species. There are eleven classes in SCOP hierarchy which differentiate by fold type: alpha ÃŽ ±, beta ÃŽ ², alpha and beta (ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ²), alpha plus beta (ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ²), multi-domain protein, membrane protein, small protein, coiled coil protein, low resolution structure, peptide, and designed protein. Between the eleven classes, only the first seven classes are known as true class and others serve as place holder for protein domain that have not been classified. Proteins are classified into group based on their structure similarity. The unit of classification is protein domain. The shape of domain is known as fold. Proteins share common fold if they have same major secondary structures in same arrangement and same topological connections. Superfamily is probable has common evolutionary origin which share common fold and perform similar function. Family shows a clearly evolutionary relationship of proteins with more than 30% sequence identity. Protein level will connect proteins through similar function and structure. The last level, species, is grouped according to unique sequence. CATH is a semi-automated protein structure classification in which the protein domain is classified based on class (C), architecture (A), topology (T), and homologous superfamily (H). The latest version of CATH is 3.5 that released on September 20, 2011 with 51334 PDB entries, 173536 CATH domains, and 26226 CATH superfamilies. CATH has four classes, they are alpha, beta, alpha and beta, and few secondary structure. The class of protein domain is determined by its secondary structure composition. Architecture level describes the overall shape of domain structure that determined by secondary structure orientation. Then, domain will be grouped into topology level based on secondary structure shape and connectivity. Homologous superfamily level will then grouped protein domains together based on similar structure, function, and has common ancestor. Protein sequence database can be divided into manually and automatically annotated database. UniProtKB/SwissProt and Protein Information Resource-International Protein Sequence Database (PIR-PSD) are example of manually annotated database. UniProtKB/TrEMBL and NCBI GenPept are example of automatically annotated database. Here, I will discuss the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) as example. UniProtKB is a protein sequence and functional information database. The data type that captured in is known as protein annotation. UniProtKB consists of two sections: UniProtKB/SwissProt which can be reviewed and UniProtKB/TrEMBL which cannot be reviewed. Most of the sequence in UniProtKB is derived from International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD) and some from PDB database. All these sequences will be automatically added into UniProtKB/TrEMBL. Then the TrEMBL records can be manually selected to be integrated into SwissProt record. UniProtKB/SwissProt is a high curated and non-redundant protein sequence database. The release 2013_03 of March 6, 2013 has 539616 sequence entries. It combines the experimental result, computational analysis, and scientific literature in one entry. It provides all relevant information about the searched protein as the sequence form same gene and same species are merged into same entry. Its file format such as FASTA is downloadable by public. UniProtKB/TrEMBL is a high quality computational analyze and redundant protein sequence database. That means, TrEMBL is computer annotated supplement to SwissProt but with multiple entries for sam eprotein. The release 2013_03 of TrEMBL on March 6, 2013 has 32153798 sequence entries. However, its entry is not redundant to SwissProt. Therefore, the entry of UniProtKB on release 2013_03 will be the combination entry of SwissProt and TrEMBL that is 32693414. Protein motif database also known as pattern and profile database is secondary database that derived from conserved pattern obtained from multiple sequence alignment. It is useful for the classification of protein sequence into family level. PROSITE and BLOCKS are example of motif based database. PROSITE is a protein domain, family and functional site database which comprise of biologically significant protein site, pattern, and profile. It analyzes protein sequence for known motif. PROSITE classification is based on observation. Similar protein sequence will be group into family. And protein domain is classified based on families that share common ancestor or has functional attribute. PROSITE records give the information of structure and function for a particular protein. It is part of the  ExPASy  proteomics  analysis servers and it used the annotation of domain features of SwissProt entry. Up to date, the latest version is release 20.91 of March 4, 2013 with 1661 entries, 1308 patterns, 1053 profiles, and 1057 ProRule. ProRule is the case rule that provides extra information about function and structural of critical amino acids. For instance, it contains the information related to biologically meaningful residue such as active sites, co-factor-binding sites,  and post-translational  modification sites. It helps the protein function determination. And it able to generate annotation automatically based on the PROSITE motifs. PROSITE database is used when identify the possible function of newly discovered protein, and determine activity of known protein. We also can derive a signature or conserved sequence from protein in order to classify protein. This is because each PROSITE signature is linked to an annotation document, where has all related information of the particular protein. PROSITE offers tool that can function for motif detection and protein sequence analysis. The most common application or archive is fingerprint that act as evidence to identify an individual. Appendix: Figure 1.1: Expectation curve for biomolecular modeling and simulation File:L-proline-3D-balls.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prolin_-_Proline.svg/121px-Prolin_-_Proline.svg.png Figure 2.1: Ball and stick model of proline Structural formula of proline Space filling model Stick modelhttp://www.rsc.org/ej/NJ/2003/b206570n/b206570n-f3.gif Figure 2.2: Stick model (left) and space filling model (right) of proline http://class.fst.ohio-state.edu/FST822/aa/btwf.gif Figure 2.3: Wire frame model http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/DMT_chicken_wire_mesh.png/227px-DMT_chicken_wire_mesh.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tubby-1c8z-pymol.png/160px-Tubby-1c8z-pymol.png Figure 2.4: Chicken wire model with stick model Figure 2.5: Ribbon model http://www.piercenet.com/media/ProStructureFig1.gif Figure 3.1: Four levels of protein structure Diagrammatic representation of the structure of hemoglobin Figure 3.2: Hemoglobin http://jr.stryker.tripod.com/images/TransitionRT.jpg Figure 3.3: Conformation transition from T structure to R structure PrPsc PrPcPrion structure Figure 3.4: Prion protein in abnormal conformation, PrPsc (left) and prion protein in normal conformation, PrPc (right)

Urban Safari :: Free Essay Writer

Urban Safari There are times when having a brother with twenty more years of age, experience, and wisdom, can adversely effect your credibility. This is especially true at nine years old. I found this to be the case one Christmas day many years ago when my brother Tom came home for the holidays. It appeared to be the start of a special Christmas, for my brother was coming to visit. I was even more excited than usual for a nine-year-old boy at this time of year. I wondered what new presents would be under the tree? In the past, Tom always got me such neat stuff. I could hardly wait to start shaking the gifts and guessing. As usual, I was up before dawn, tearing into my gifts with all the fervor with which the drowning seize life preservers. My folks, along with my brother, had now joined me in the gift-opening ceremony. Saving the best for last was out of the question; it was the gift from my brother that I tore into first. My dreams had come true. My prayers were answered. There it was, bigger and shinier than anything in the display case of any Western Auto store in the world. It was a B B gun. Finally, I had entered the ranks of the big kids. The prestige of such a gift! I anticipated the glory of shooting my first bird. This was truly a present for a twelve years old, maybe even a teenager. While reveling in my grandeur, I hadn't noticed that my Mother was watching with obvious disapproval. Apparently she had other plans for the B B gun. "You can't shoot that thing in the yard!" she barked. "You'll have to go to the riverbed." With those words, I was instructed to leave the B B gun under the tree with the less attractive presents. "You can open your other gifts now. Tom will watch you while we go visit Auntie Mabel, and don't forget, leave the B B gun alone," Mom ordered. No sooner than they were out the door my brother grabbed the gun and headed towards the back yard. "Where’re you going?" I asked. "To test your gun out before Mom and Dad get back" was his reply. I thought this was a grand idea. Our back yard was full of potential targets. My brother's first choice was two cases of empty mason jars my Mom used for canning fruit.

Importance of Gwadar Port for Pakistan

Selection of Gwadar for construction of Deep Sea Port. While carrying out feasibility study for development of Gwadar port both Karachi and Bin Qasim were also considered for such development but found not attractive to major shipping agencies due to remoteness from main shipping routes, limitations of draft and comparatively long turn around time. Due to these reasons Gwadar was selected as the site for 3rd commercial port for Pakistan. Geo-Strategic Importance Gwadar port is located about 267 NM West of Karachi. Because of its ideal location at the mouth of gulf and opposite strategic choke points of Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman the port is visualized to become a regional hub serving incoming and out going commercial traffic of Middle East and Gulf countries. The new port of Gwadar will supplement Karachi Port and Port Qasim. It will attract transit and trans-shipment trade from over twenty countries including Srilanka, Bangladesh, Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iraq and Iran. These countries may open their warehouses in Gwadar for export of goods and storing of imported goods for later shipment to their countries. Non Quantifiable Benefits of Port. Details of indirect non quantifiable benefits which the people of region will get and would accrue to the national economy from this port. Duty Free Port & Free Economic Zone/Incentives. Keeping in view the significance of Gwadar port, the government has declared Gwadar as a Duty Free Port and Free Economic Zone. A separate allocation of one billion rupees was made in the budget for the fiscal year 2004-2005 for the construction of the export zone and Gwadar industrial city. This has greatly accelerated the pace of development in the area. The other incentives announced by Govt are summarized as under: Positive approach towards private sector involvement. Infrastructure development on BOT/BOO basis. 100% profit repatriation. Tax holidays for ten years from date of commencement of commercial operations. 100% profit repatriation. Ownership rights. Flexible labour regulations. Subsidy on utilities. Complete exemption from duty & sales tax on imported plants & machinery for 10 years. Capital gains will be exempted from tax for 5 years. No local octroi or export tax leviable by local Govt. Access to CARs. Gwadar Port located in proximity of Arabian Gulf and Central Asian Republics provide it unique opportunity to serve both. Pakistan needs to capitalize on them through better diplomatic ties with Arab states and CARs. It is therefore anticipated that oil reserves and other resources of CARs would gradually become the focus of world attention in coming years. However, in case of â€Å"exports to and from CARs† a peaceful and stable Afghanistan is must. The port will also help in promoting trade with Gulf States possessing 63% of world’s oil reserves and will prove instrumental in promoting trans-shipment essentially of containerized cargo besides unlocking the development potential for hinterland. The most important factor that makes Gwadar Port strategically unique is the location with respect to other major ports in the region, which are all located on the other side of the sea. Gwadar port being towards north can easily provide services and facilities to CARs, Afghanistan and China. Upcoming Fishing Harbour/Industry. Planned fishing harbour/industry linked with this port will facilitate efficient exploitation of our 960 KM of long coast which would give boost to fish and crab exports and would promote food processing industries as well. Gwadar could also be a potential source of gas and oil exploitation. [1] These areas clearly indicate the vast potential which should be exploited and will help contribute towards national economy. Instability in Gulf. Gulf region and CARs contain one of the largest oil and gas resources of the world respectively. Gulf countries in particular, have capitalized on it by constructing major commercial centers with bulk port facilities. Pakistan, could not cash on this opportunity earlier due limited resources which Gulf countries did and so have well established ports these days. Gulf presently is badly exposed to world due instability in region and in case of blockade of Gulf due to any reason, the Gwadar port would become more important due to only choice left. Beside this, sour relations of Iran with western countries and her territorial disputes with Iraq are enough reasons for international community to opt for Gwadar rather than any Iranian port in future. Gwadar Port is therefore expected to act as a vital link to China, Afghanistan and Central Asian Republics throughout the year. Due to these factors Gwadar is going to be the necessity of major shipping competitors as it is the most efficient route to Indian Ocean for world markets. Gwadar Port can therefore become a viable option for wor ld community due to the following reasons: It is not within Gulf, thereby reducing chances of being blocked. It provides shortest access to the land locked Afghanistan and CARs. It is located in close proximity of other regional ports of the Gulf. Trans-shipment of Bulk Cargo. Oil Storage, Refinery and Petrochemical related industries/installations. Export processing and Industrial Zone. Export of minerals and live stock. Services ie hotel accommodation, tourism etc. Fishing industry. Ship repairs and Ship building. Construction of Warehouses and Storages. Beach Industries. Port Related Facilities. Construction of under mentioned facilities/industries is directly linked with the construction of Gwadar Port and will provide employment opportunities for its locals and the region. Trade pact with Tashkent. Considering importance of trade from CARs vis -a-vis up coming Gwadar port. Govt of Pakistan (GOP) has very rightly concluded a trade pact with Tashkent. In this Pakistan and Uzbekistan have agreed to enter into a trilateral transit trade agreement with Afghanistan to benefit from the Gwadar port facility and land routes. As per the joint communique issued after meeting of reps of both sides on 29-30 Dec 2005, a ‘Joint Ministerial Commission’ has been formed to formulate details/trade quantum and the modus operandi. Development Plans/Investment Opportunities For Balochistan By making Gwadar the pivot of regional trade, Pakistan will also attract considerable investment into its most under developed province. These funds will allow construction of roads and railways, linking the coastal region with rest of the Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan and will also, facilitate cultivation of vast regions and exploration of natural resources. This would ultimately help socio-economic uplift of locals through various development projects. The government on 3 October, 2004 has also announced Rs 3. 00 Bn grant for speeding up development activities for overall uplift of Balochistan. Beside these the development of Gwadar port would also benefit the overall economy of province/country and will unlock its potentials. It is anticipated that around 2. 5 million people will get jobs with start of this project. The government is setting technical training centres in area to train people. Although Gwadar is comparativ ely free from tribal influence, however people of area have two major concerns in their minds. Firstly, influx of people from rest of the country may throw them in minority. Secondly, local population lacks in education and other skills, which may affect their career prospects. They have a fear that people coming from other areas may grab the major share of economic opportunities. General public therefore show a resentment against government policies in form of bomb blasts and demonstrations/destruction of sui gas installation etc, however once economic lifts become visible then people would certainly realise their short sightedness. Oil Factor and the Alternate Port. Pakistan’s present population is arround160 Million. With the present growth rate of population, the country’s oil needs are increasing continuously as well. The fact that our dependence on POL gets further compounded as most of our defense needs are also met through it. National oil reserves are also dependent on the continuous POL from abroad. The war stamina depends on the availability of POL to armed forces for effective fighting. Therefore, keeping in mind the importance of SLOCs for provision of uninterrupted oil supply, Gwadar port would provide much-needed alternate for Karachi/ Qasim ports.